Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9 months PTA
Ulceration on the tongue
Tawas and salt gargle but without relief
Pain which caused difficulty eating
(-) loss of appetite
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
7 months PTA
Increase in size of tongue ulceration
Consult to physician
Excision biopsy revealing SCCA, Well-Differentiated
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
6 months PTA
Referred to a specialist
Advised operation but upon clearance patient had
pneumonia and decreased S. K+
Discharged and lost to follow up
Relief of symptoms
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
2 weeks PTA
Swelling of right submental area with firm mass
Toothache
Advised for CT scan
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
DOC
CT scan: Inhomogenously enhancing heterogenous
lesion, anterior tongue to consider neoplastic process
Lymphadenopathy, right submandibular area
Atherosclerotic thoracic aorta
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
Previously a farmer
Occasional alcoholic beverage drinker
27 pack year smoker
PERSONAL SOCIAL HISTORY
Congested village
3 dogs
8 children
Meat diet mixed with vegetable
Highest educational attainment Grade 5
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
General survey
Awake coherent not in cardiopulmonary distress, warm to touch.
No cyanosis nor pallor noted.
Good skin turgor.
Hair black. No nail clubbing.
Head
Normocephalic, symmetrical face.
Eyes
Anicteric sclerae, pinkish conjunctiva, pupils are equally round reactive to light and accommodation, non-sunken
eyeballs
Ears
Grossly normal, pinnae soft and flexible, recoils readily, no masses and discharges noted, (+)cone of light with small
amount of cerumen at auditory canal
Nose
no alar flaring, no polyps, deformities, masses or lesions noted
Mouth, Throat and Tonsils
Pinkish lips, moist buccal mucosa, no deformities lesions and masses noted (+) hematoma
Neck
Neck vein not distended, no cervical lymphadenopathy (+) hematoma
(+) suture from AS to AD
Extremities
Grossly normal extremeties. No tremors, deformities, tenderness and swelling noted. Pinkish
nailbeds. Capillary refill < 2 seconds
Genitourinary
Grossly Female
Cranial nerve examination
CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSE
I Not assessed
II Able to read; Fundoscopy: (+) ROR, clear media
Direct and consensual papillary reflex intact at both
II, III
eyes. Pupil size is 3mm in both eyes.
Patient has no difficulty in moving her eyes upwards and
III, IV, VI downwards, to left and right.
No nystagmus noted.
Corneal reflex is intact at both eyes. Masseter and
V
temporalis on jaw bite is intact.
Able to smile no asymmetry noted, Eyes closing strength
VII is symmetrical and (5/5) on grade. No ticks or involuntary
movement noted.
VIII Patient is able to hear when engaged in a conversation.
IX, X Swallowing and gag reflex are intact.
Supraclavicular
lymphadenopathy: FNAB
reveals malignancy in
more than half of cases
SUBACUTE DIFFERENTIALS
PAROTID TUMOR?
LYMPHOMA
METASTATIC CANCER
PAROTID TUMOR
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Unilateral
Asymtomatic
Slow-growing
Mobile masses
SUBACUTE DIFFERENTIALS
SCC?
LYMPHOMA
METASTATIC CANCER nonhealing ulcers, dysarthria,
PAROTID TUMOR dysphagia, odynophagia, loose
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
or misaligned teeth, globus,
hoarseness, hemoptysis, and
oropharyngeal paresthesias
5%
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA(SCC)
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Age over 40
Tobacco Risks
90% of patients with oral cancer use tobacco
At cellular level
Excessive cellular proliferation
Uncoordinated growth
Tissue infiltration
At molecular level
Disorder of growth regulatory genes
NEOPLASTIC (malignant) CELLS
Increase Increase in
Increase Increase in signal
in growth factor activation of
in growth transduction
receptors transcription
factors
Erythroplakia
appears as a red
lesion that may
demonstrate an
erosive
component.
Erythroleukoplakia
Mitotic figures
Inflamed
connective tissue
stroma
LYMPH NODE LOCATIONS
Preauricular
Parotid
Retropharyngeal Occipital
(tonsillar)
Submandibular Postauricular
(submaxillary)
Submental Posterior
Cervical
Anterior Cervical
Supraclavicular
DIAGNOSIS
Physical examination- Visual inspection and palpation of all
mucosal surfaces, bimanual palpation of the floor of the
mouth and clinical assessment of the neck for lymph node
involvement.
Biopsy- Confirmatory test
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Routine pan endoscopy
Three-dimensional imaging with computed tomography (CT)
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
STAGING
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
Predictors of Poor prognosis:
Increasing tumor thickness(>4mm)
Poorly differentiated
High grade tumors
Perineural,Vascular and lymphatic invasion.
DNA ploidy status such as aneuploid carry worst prognosis
Verrucuous Ca has better one
PROGNOSIS
Stage 1: 80 90 %
Stage 2: 70 80 %
Stage 3: 30 50 %
Stage 4: 20 30 %
MANAGEMENT
T1 Tumor <2cm in greatest dimension
N2c Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral LN, all nodes
<6cm
M0 No distant metastases
Stage IVa
pushing margins vs infiltrative growth patterns
- better outcomes with pushing margins
Synchronous lesion
- a second primary tumor detected simultaneously or within 6
months of the initial primary tumor
Metachronous (80%)
- emergence of a second primary lesion more than 6 months after
discovery of the index tumor
- with 50% of cases presenting within the first 2 years of initial
Perioperative antibiotics
Prophylactic antibiotics
- most effective when administered immediately before surgery and
for up to 24 hours postoperatively.
Extended use of antibiotics in postsurgical patients
- no decrease in the risk of infectious complications or fistula
formation
SURGERY
Treatment of the Primary Lesion
Size, Location, and associated involved anatomy
Transoral wide local excision
- Majority of oral tongue carcinomas (75%) are T2 or smaller
- Frozen section confirmation of the margin status is necessary
before pursuing reconstruction
Mandibulotomy-based approach
- Advanced-stage oral tongue lesions
Visor or degloving approach
- Advanced-staged tumors of the anterior oral tongue and floor of
mouth
SURGERY
Treatment of the Primary Lesion
Advanced-stage lesions (III or IV)
- require surgery and postoperative radiation therapy
- increase in locoregional control for stage III and IV patients from
57% to 71% with the postoperative radiotherapy
SURGERY
Treatment of the Neck
Location and incidence of metastasis vary according to the
primary site.
Primary tumors within the oral cavity and lip typically
metastasize to the nodes in levels I, II, and III
SURGERY
Treatment of the Neck
Sentinel node biopsy
- in the setting of the N0 oral carcinoma patient has a
negative predictive value of 100%
- not currently considered standard of care for oral cavity
carcinoma
Neck dissection
- serve as a staging procedure to determine the need for
postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy.
- for the clinically N+ neck, the surgical treatment of choice
has traditionally been modified radical neck dissection
(MRND) or radical neck dissection (RND)
SURGERY
Treatment of the Neck
Supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND)
- most common selective neck dissection
- includes removal of lymph node levels I, II, and III.
- regional recurrence after elective SOHND is as low as 3%
- Inclusion of level IIb nodes within the neck dissection is advocated because of a reported
10% incidence of spread to this region
Agents used:
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
Isotretinoin
COX-2 inhibitors.
Because of the side effects associated with some agents (in particular with
retinoids) and lack of proven efficacy, general application in the clinical
setting has not occurred
Chemoprevention
Lyophilized black raspberries and vitamins C and E
- Tested in animal models
- reduced the number of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced tumors within a hamster cheek pouch and may prove
to have a role in chemoprevention
reconstructing the appropriate sulci such that prosthetic rehabilitation is not hindered
The method chosen for reconstruction depends on the nature of the defect and the
patients comorbidities
Options, after the resection of small lesions, include allowing the wound to heal by
secondary intention, primary closure, and split-thickness skin or dermal grafting.
Depending on the size and location of the defect, various advancement and
rotation flaps serve as reconstructive options. Use of buccal fat, temporoparietal
fascia, or pectoralis major flaps each offer unique options for soft tissue
reconstruction.
Long-Term Management and
Rehabilitation
Speech and Swallowing
To achieve the optimal functional outcome, it is important that the speech and
swallowing therapist evaluates the patient before treatment.
As a rule, the more limited the surgical resection, the less likely a patient is to
experience significant functional impact on speech and swallowing.
Patients requiring wide surgical resections of the retromolar trigone or procedures
that extend deep within the tongue base experience the most significant impact on
swallowing
Floor of mouth resections are associated with a detrimental effect on chewing
Radiation, alone or in combination with surgery, has a side effect profile including
problems such as xerostomia, lymphedema, and fibrosis with scar contracture
Pain Management
Second phase
- cancer surveillance
- monitoring for locoregional recurrence
- an annual chest radiograph, liver
function tests, and comprehensive head
and neck examination are important for
detecting metachronous lesions
- biannual thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) determination is necessary for
patients after neck irradiation, as are
frequent dental evaluations for dentate
patients.
Complications
Late complication
Osteoradionecrosis
Delayed pathologic fracture
Nonunion of mandible
Summary
The oral cavity is a unique site within the head and neck in that
the accessibility of the region readily allows for the identification
of premalignant and early-staged lesions
The preferred primary treatment modality for oral cavity
malignancies is surgical.
Given that speech and swallowing function are profoundly
affected by the treatment of oral tumors, oncologic resection
and reconstruction require careful preoperative planning.
For advanced-staged lesions, the use of combination therapy
surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy remains
the optimal treatment option.
Management by a multidisciplinary team is critical to provide the
patient with the best chance for control of cancer while
achieving the best functional outcomes.
THANK YOU