Pengenalan Mineral

Pengertian Mineral
Mineral adalah bahan bentukan alam yang mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu, pada
umumnya anorganik, dan kristalin padat

"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has
been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).

"Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable

chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).

"A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a

definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968).

"These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics

that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms
make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).

"A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a
definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain
characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other
physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).

"Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite

molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,
constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898).
Bagaimana orang mempelajari mineral

Berdasarkan sifat fisik

Berdasarkan komposisi kimia
Berdasarkan sifat optik (dengan bantuan mikroskop
polarisasi dan pantul)
Berdasarkan struktur ikatan kimia (x-ray diffraction)
Berdasarkan kenampakan pada scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
Sifat Fisik Mineral
Warna (color)
Cerat (streak)
Kilap (luster)
Kekerasan (hardness)
Belahan (cleavage)
Pecahan (fracture)
Bentuk kristal (crystal form)
Masa jenis dan kerapatan (specific gravityand unit weight)
Daya hantar panas, listrik (heat & electrical conductivity)
Indeks bias (
Daya simpan cahaya (fluorescence)
Kemagnitan (magnetism)
Warna (Color)
Warna: warna mineral
dalam keadaan utuh.
Warna mineral biasanya
dipengaruhi oleh
komposisi kimia
Cerat (Streak)
Kilap (Luster)
Kemampuan permukaan mineral mereflesikan cahaya
macamnya
- Metallic (logam)
- Vitreous (kaca)
- Resinous (resin)
- Greasy (lemak)
- Pearly (mutiara)
- Silky (sutera)
- Adamantin (intan)
Kilap (Luster)
Kekerasan (Hardness)
Kekerasan adalah ketahanan mineral terhadap goresan
Cleavage
Fracture
Mineral form
Crystal Form
Crystal Form
Crystal Form
 Old Dana Classification New Dana Classification
Chemical I Native Elements Class 1
Classification II Sulfides Classes 2 & 3
III Oxides and Hydroxides Classes 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8
IV Halides Classes 9, 10, 11, & 12
Classes (13, 14, 15, 16a, 16b, 17)Carbonates
V Carbonates, Nitrates, (18, 19, 20)Nitrates
Borates (21, 22, 23)Iodates
(24, 25, 26, & 27)Borates
Classes (28, 29, 30, 31, 32)Sulfates
VI Sulfates, Chromates, (33)Selenates & Tellurates
Molybdates (34)Selenites - Tellurites - Sulfites
(35, & 36)Chromates
Classes (37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43)Phosphates
VII Phosphates, Arsenates, (44, 45, 46)Antinomates
Vanadates (47)Vanadates et. al.
(48, & 49)Molybdates & Tungstates
IX Organic Minerals Class 50
VIII Silicates
Nesosilicates Classes 51, 52, 53, & 54
Sorosilicates Classes 55, 56, 57, & 58
Cyclosilicates Classes 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, & 64
Inosilicates Classes 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, & 70
Phyllosilicates Classes 71, 72, 73, & 74
Tektosilicates Classes 75, 76, & 77
Not Classified Silicates Class 78
Complete List (860 Kb) Classes 1-78
Polarization Microscope
Optical Properties
X-ray analysis
Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is one of the primary techniques used
by mineralogists and solid state chemists to examine the physico-
chemical make-up of unknown solids. This data is represented in a
collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the three
most intense D values in the form of tables of interplanar spacings (D),
relative intensities (I/Io), hkl plane, mineral name and chemical
formulas.

The XRD technique takes a sample of the material and places a

powdered sample in a holder, then the sample is illuminated with x-rays
of a fixed wave-length and the intensity of the reflected radiation is
recorded using a goniometer. This data is then analyzed for the
reflection angle to calculate the inter-atomic spacing (D value in
Angstrom units - 10-8 cm). The intensity (I) is measured to discriminate
(using I ratios) the various D spacings and the results are compared to
this table to identify possible matches.
 Counts

26.657 []; 3.34138 []

31.733 []; 2.81748 []

900 LAGI-04

45.469 []; 1.99322 []

33.064 []; 2.70704 []
29.505 []; 3.02501 []

56.298 []; 1.63281 []

20.851 []; 4.25690 []

37.097 []; 2.42150 []

28.515 []; 3.12772 []
19.831 []; 4.47334 []

47.433 []; 1.91517 []

25.249 []; 3.52441 []

36.567 []; 2.45537 []

12.488 []; 7.08232 []

39.504 []; 2.27935 []

50.133 []; 1.81817 []

40.702 []; 2.21496 []
34.932 []; 2.56643 []

59.088 []; 1.56219 []

400

51.958 []; 1.75851 []

100

0
10 20 30 40 50
Position [2Theta]

Visible Ref. Code Score Compound Name Displacement Scale Factor Chemical Formula
[2Th.]
* 00-024-0076 67 Pyrite 0.000 0.193 Fe S2
* 01-085-0795 56 Quartz 0.000 0.648 Si O2
* 01-075-0306 52 Halite 0.000 0.548 Na Cl
* 01-072-1651 20 Calcite 0.000 0.153 Ca C O3
* 00-007-0330 6 Illite- 0.000 0.093 K - Al4 ( Si Al )8
Montmorillonite, O20 ( O H )4 !x H2
regular O
* 00-007-0076 7 Clinoclore, ferroan 0.000 0.071 ( Mg2.8 Fe1.7 Al1.2
) ( Si2.8 Al1.2 ) O10
( O H )8
* 00-019-0364 7 Cobaltpentlandite, 0.000 0.043 Co9 S8
syn
Scanning Electrone Microscope