MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A z o 113 C om p a ra tiv e A na t omy of Ve rt e b ra t es

De p a rt m ent of B iolog ica l Scie nce s
Unive rs it y of t he East - M anila
Functions
1. Contraction
a. locomotion and movement
b. production of body heat
c. propulsion of the contents of hollow organs
d. oppose the pull of gravity
2. Gives shape to the body; definite form
3. Stores glucose
Classification
As to location
a. SKELETAL MUSCLE - attached to the bones
AXIAL MUSCLES - having the origin and insertion at the
axial bones
APPENDICULAR MUSCLE - having the origin and
insertion at the appendicular bones
b. NON-SKELETAL MUSCLES - muscles are not attached to the
bones
 Classification
As to origin:
a. MYOTOMIC myotome-epimere-mesoderm
b. SPLANCHNIC hypomere-mesoderm

As to function:
a. SOMATIC orient the body in the external environment
b. VISCERAL regulate internal environment
c. INTEGUMENTARY move the skin
 Classification
As to control
a. VOLUNTARY - dictated by the will
b. INVOLUNTARY - not dictated by the will

As to structure (histology)
a. STRIATED with striation and bands
b. SMOOTH no striation and bands
c. CARDIAC cells separated by intercalated discs
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Terminologies
ORIGIN - point of attachment that is less movable
INSERTION - point of attachment which is more movable
BELLY - middle-fleshly portion
APONEUROSIS - flat, ribbon-like tendon
MYOTOMES - muscle segments
MYOSEPTA - separate muscle segments
TENDON - connective tissue attaching muscle to bones
FASCIA - connective tissue covering the muscle
Skeletal Muscle Actions
extensors increase an angle of a joint
flexors decrease angle of a joint
adductors draws part toward the midline
abductors away from the midline
protractors cause a part to be thrust forward
or outwards
retractors opposite of protractors
Skeletal Muscle Actions
levators raise a part
depressors lower a part
rotator cause rotation of a part on its axis
supinators turn the palm upward
pronators turn the palm downward
constrictors compress internal parts
dilators opposite of constrictors
Naming of Muscles
direction of fibers
location or position
shape and size
origin and insertion
action
 Muscle Homology
by tracing the embryonic origin - not reliable
a. myotomic cells migrate at different body parts
b. fusion of muscle bundles
c. some muscle bundles modify
nerve innervation - more reliable
nerve innervation of a particular muscle remain
constant in all vertebrates
 Muscle Homology
a. Spinal Nerve Innervation - nerve directly connected to spinal cord
b. Cranial Nerve Innervation - nerve directly connected to the brain
(on) I OLFACTORY
(old) II OPTIC
(obando) III OCULOMOTOR
(tower) IV TROCHLEAR
(top) V TRIGEMINAL
(a) VI ABDUCENS
(Filipino) VII FACIAL
(army) VIII AUDITORY
(guards) IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
(villagers) X VAGUS
(safe) XI SPINAL ACCESSORY
(house) XII HYPOGLOSSAL
Muscle Fiber Types
Twitch fiber
predominant fiber in mammals
fast to slow contraction
action potential: all or none

Tonic fiber
slow contraction
can maintain tension efficiently
Twitch Fiber Type Variations
Slow twitch
Slow repetitive movements; fatigue slowly
High number of mitochondria and myoglobin
dark meat of fish and fowl
Fast Oxidative
Fast & fatigue slowly
High number of mitochondria
ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation
bird flight muscles
Twitch Fiber Type Variations
Fast glycolytic
Powerful and fast; fatigue quickly
Few mitochondria
ATP formed by glycolysis (oxygen debt)
white meat of domestic fowl
AXIAL MUSCLES
Fishes
with myomeres separated by myosepta
epaxial and hypaxial muscles divided by
horizontal skeletogenous septum
epibranchial muscles and hypobranchial
muscles
AXIAL MUSCLES
Tetrapods
Epaxial muscles of the trunk
1. Intervertebrals deepest; for posture
2. Longissimus lateral position above the
transverse process; longest
3. Spinales medial position above the
transverse process
4. Iliocostales lateral to longissimus
 AXIAL MUSCLES
Tetrapods
Hypaxial Muscles
muscles of lateral body wall
obliques, transverse & rectus
Subvertebral Muscles
Longus colli neck of birds and mammals
Quadratus lumborum and psoas minor lumbar region
 AXIAL MUSCLES
Oblique and Transverse Muscles
Internal and external intercostals
Internal and external obliques of abdomen
Cremaster muscles
Supracostal muscles surface of the rib cage
scalenus, serratus dorsalis, levatores and transverses
costarum
1. External intercostalis
2. Internal intercostalis
3. Rib
4. Intercartilaginous m.
5. Sternum
AXIAL MUSCLE
Rectus Muscles of the Abdomen
extends longitudinally side of the linea alba
flexing the trunk
supporting the abdominal viscera
AXIAL MUSCLES
Mammalian Diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and
abdominal cavities
Tail Muscles
continuation of the epaxial and hypaxial muscles
extensor cauda lateralis
caudofemoralis
 AXIAL MUSCLES
Hypobranchial and Tongue muscles
Fish
insert on mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilages
strengthen floor of pharynx & assist branchiomeric muscles
coracoarcuales, coracomandibularis, coracohyoideus,
coracobranchials
 AXIAL MUSCLES
Hypobranchial and Tongue muscles
Tetrapods
stabilize and move hyoid apparatus and larynx
include: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
and geniohyoid
mammalian tongue muscles include hyoglossus,
styloglossus, and genioglossus and lingualis
APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Extrinsic arising on axial skeleton or trunk &
inserting on girdles or limbs
Intrinsic - arising on girdle or proximal skeletal
elements of appendage & insert on more distal
elements
APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Fish
muscle buds forms from embryonic myomeres
serve mostly as stabilizers
intrinsic muscles are limited in number &
undifferentiated
extensors and flexors of the fin
APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Tetrapods
much more complex than fishes
greater leverage for locomotion
jointed appendages require complex muscles
 APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Extrinsic Dorsal group
Latissimus dorsi inserts to the humerus
Levators of the scapula, rhomboideus and serratus
anterior inserts to the scapula
Trapezius shoulder region

Extrinsic Ventral group

Pectoralis - arises on sternum & coracoid; chief abductor
Supracoracoideus deep to pectoralis; elevate the wings
(upstroke) in birds
APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Intrinsic Dorsal group Intrinsic Ventral group
deltoideus supraspinatus
teres major and minor biceps brachii
subscapularis infraspinatus
triceps brachii (head) brachialis
supinators of the manus coracobrachialis
extensors of the hand anconeus
 APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
Muscles of Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimbs
Iliopsoas arises from ilium and psoas minor
Hip muscles gluteus, pyriformis and gemelli
Quadratus femoris 3 vasti and rectus femoris
Biceps femoris and semitendinosus
Extensors and flexors of foot
INTEGUMENTARY MUSCLES
muscles attach to some part of the skeleton and insert
on the skin
mostly both origin and insertion from the skin
INTEGUMENTARY MUSCLES
Vertebrate Muscle

FISHES none

AMPHIBIA
gracilis minor; cutaneous pectoris

REPTILIA
muscles moving the scales

AVES
cutaneous muscles that move feathers; patagial muscle

MAMMALS sternalis; sphincter coli; platysma; mimetic muscles;

panniculus; arrector pili
BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES
associated with the pharyngeal arches
adductors, constrictors, & levators operate jaws
plus successive gill arches
Chief Branchiomeric Muscles in
Squalus and Tetrapods
Pharyngeal Squalus Tetrapods Cranial Nerve
Arch Innervation

Mandibular Intermandibularis Intermandibularis V

Arch (I) (Mylohyoid; Digastricus)
Adductor Adductor mandibulae
mandibulae Tensor tympani

Levator
palatoquadrati
Spiracularis
Chief Branchiomeric Muscles in
Squalus and Tetrapods
Pharyngeal Squalus Tetrapods Cranial
Arch Nerve
Innervation
Hyoid Arch Levator Stapedius VII
(II) hyomandibula
Dorsal constrictor Stylohyoideus
Interhyoideus
Depressor mandibula
Digastricus
Sphinter colli
III Constrictors Stylopharyngeus IX
Levators Stylohyoideus
Adductors
Interarcuals
 Chief Branchiomeric Muscles in
Squalus and Tetrapods
Pharyngeal Squalus Tetrapods Cranial Nerve
Arch Innervation

IV to VI Constrictors Thyroarytenoids X
Levators Cricoarytenoids
Adductors Cricothyroideus
Interarcuals

VII Cucullaris Trapezius Occipitospinal

Sternomastoideus nerves in Sharks;
Cleidomastoideus spinal roots of XI
in amniotes
Basioclavicularis