CDMA CONCEPTS

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• MULTIPLE ACCESS
• SPREADING SPECTRUM
• CODES IN CDMA
• CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE
• POWER CONTROL
• DIVERSITY
• HAND OFFS

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 ○ TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION

Subscriber Exchange

Copper Local Loop

Subscriber Exchange

FSU BTS BSC

Wireless Local Loop

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WHAT IS MULTIPLE ACCESS ?
NUMBER OF USERS ACCESS AND SHARE
• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE
FOR COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS
• MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSIONS.
• SHARING FINITE SPECTRUM AMONG LARGE
NO. OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS.
• NO PRE-ASSIGNED CIRCUIT TO ANY USER.
• ANY USER CAN ACCESS ANY CIRCUIT AND MAY
ACCESS DIFFERENT CIRCUITS FOR DIFFERENT
CALLS.
• DEMAND ASSIGNED CIRCUITS ON FIRST COME
FIRST SERVE BASIS.
• PRIVACY.
• TRUNKING EFFICIENCY; THEREBY
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IMPROVEMENT IN SYSTEM CAPACITY.
 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are
assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole
right of using the frequency band for the entire call
duration.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among
a few users. However, each user is allowed to
transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence,
channelization of user is achieved through separation
in time. 6
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA)
LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSMISSIONS ARE COMBINED
ON THE SAME RF CHANNEL AT THE SAME TIME BUT ARE
SEPERATED BY “CODES”.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
ALT
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F ALT CENTRE

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TDMA
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CDMA
Y
TIME 8
RK/TR/ALTTC 7 WILL/ overview
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA is a method in which users occupy the same
time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by
unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the
receiver by using a correlator that accepts only signal
energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals
contribute only to the noise.
A CDMA system uses effective power control process.

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Advantages:-
The main advantages of this technology
are:
1. Fast Network deployment.
2. Reduced service interruptions.
3. Low Maintenance & operational cost.
4. Better system coverage flexibility
5. Higher capacity
6. Easy transition to mobile services. 10
Salient Features of CDMA
• It is an advanced comm. Technology.
• It has Anti-jam and security features.
• Large capacity as compared to other Technology
like FDMA and TDMA.
• It uses spread spectrum technology

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SPREADING SPECTRUM
Shannon’s Equation
C= W Log (1+S/N)
Where C=Capacity (bps)
W=Bandwidth
S=Signal Power
N=Noise Power
• Shannon’s Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum.
System with large band width can operate at very low SNR level
& can provide acceptable data rate per user.
• Therefore in CDMA
- All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum.
- Each user has unique Digital code identifier.
- Digital codes separate users to avoid interference.
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Direct Sequence Spread using Walsh code
 Consist of 64 orthogonal codes each 64 bits long
 Spreads spectrum to 1.2288 M bps from 9.6 Kbps
Channel Capacity
 C=W log (1+S/N)
 Increasing BW improves Signal Transmission with lower S/N

Narrow Band Waveform

Power
Spectral
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Noise Level
Density
Spread Waveform

Frequency 13
Spread spectrum principle:
Originally spread spectrum radio technology was
developed for military use to counter the interference
by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the
transmitted signal gives rise to”spread spectrum”. A
spectrum signal is generated by modulating the
radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of
different pseudo random binary sequences, which is
inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.

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 A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus
generated share the same frequency spectrum and
thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will
be used by each of the users using same frequency
at the same time.
On the received side only the signal energy
with the selected binary sequence code is accepted
and information content is recovered. The other user
signals, whose codes do not match contribute only
the noise and are not “de-spread” back in
bandwidth. This transmission and reception of
signals differentiated by “codes” using the same
frequency simultaneously by a number of users is
known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).15
Techniques as opposed to conventional method of
Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time
Division Multiple Access.
In the fig. It has been tried to explain that how
the base band signal of 9.6 kbps is spread using a
long pseudo-random Noise(PN) source to occupy
entire bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. At the receiving end
this signal will have interference from signals of
other users of the same cell, user different cells and
interference from other noise sources. All these
signals get combined with the desired signal but
using a correlator and correct PN code, the original
data can be reproduced back.
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 ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-
TX RX

01101001100101100110
USER INPUT
USER OUTPUT
10011
Cell
Cell
1001
1

10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
CODE

User Input 1 0 0 1 1

Spreading 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001

Sequence

TX Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

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Decoding using correct Orthogonal Function

Rx Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

Correct 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001
Function

1111 0000 0000 1111 1111

1 0 0 1 118
Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal Function

Rx Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

Incorrect 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101

Function

0011 1100 1100 0011 0011

? ? ? ? 19 ?
Frequency Reuse
In CDMA reuse patterns are not required.
Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency
at the same time. Subscriber is discriminated from
another by the assignment of a unique code to every
conversation.
In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.

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 E F D
C B E F
G C B
D A G C
F D A
B E F D
C B E
A G C B

Frequency Reuse pattern of 7 (FDMA)

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 A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
CDMA Frequency Reuse
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CDMA Channels
Forward Link Channels
Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channels
Traffic Channels
Reverse Link Channels
Access Channels
Traffic Channels

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 CDMA PCS Forward Channels
Forward CDMA Channel
(1.23 MHz Channel)
Transmitted by base station)

Pilot Sync Paging … Paging Traffic

… Traffic … Traffic
… Traffic Traffic
Chan Chan Ch 1 Ch N Ch 24 Ch 25 Ch 55
Ch .1 Ch .7

W= code channel Personal

Station
Traffic Power
data Contract
Sub- channel

Example of a forward CDMA channel 24

Transmitted by a base station
 CDMA PCS Reverse Channels
Reverse CDMA Channel
(1.23 MHz Channel)
received by base station)

Access Access Traffic Traffic

Ch 1 … Ch n Ch 1
… … Ch m

Addressed by Long code PNs

Example of a Logical Reverse CDMA

channels Received at a base station 25
CDMA channel is 1.25 MHz wide and there is a separation
of 45 MHz in the forward and the reverse channel in case
of cellular band & and 80 MHz in case of PCS band.
CDMA Channel in 800 MHz band
45 MHz

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

CDMA Channel in PCS band

80 MHz

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 26

Frequency Bands
CDMA 824- 849 MHz
869- 894 MHz
PCS 1850- 1910 MHz
1930- 1990 MHz

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Spreading Codes
cdmaOne systems use two types of code sequences:
• Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes).
• Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.
Long codes (242 =4400 Billion)
Short codes (215 =32768)

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Walsh Codes:-
In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by
Unique “Walsh” code. These are
(a) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length.
(b) Forwarded traffic channel Codes.
(c) All codes are orthogonal to each other.
(d) These codes provide Isolation between
multiple signals transmitted by base stations

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The basic concept behind creation of the code is
as follows:
(a)Repeat the function right
(b)Repeat the function below
(c) Invert function (diagonally)

Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0

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By using this technique we create a set of 64
such codes of 64 bit length which is known as
Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to
each other. The individual subscriber now can
start communication using one of these codes.
These codes are traffic channel codes and are
used for orthogonal spreading of the information in
the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality provides
nearly perfect isolation between the multiple
signals transmitted by the base station.

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LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials.
(b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls)
scrambled.
(c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls.
(d) This code is unique for every subscriber.
(e) It is known as user address mask or user
identification.
(f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same
codes are used.

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• SHORT CODE
(a) This PN sequence is based on 215
characteristics polynomial.
(b) Differentiates cells and sectors.
(c) Identification cells and sectors.
(d) Consist of codes for I to Q chls.
(e) Each cell uses different codes.

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CDMA CHL ARCHITECTURE
Pilot channel (W0)
The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial
system synchronization and to distinguish cell
sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique
pilot channel.
• Transmitted constantly.
• Allows the mobile to acquire the system.
• Provides mobile with signal strength comparison.
• Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in
the pilot.
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• Has unique PN Offset(2 ) for each cell or sector.
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Sync channel (W32)
Used during system Acquisition stage. Sync chl
provides the subs unit with network information
related to cell site identification, pilot transmit
power & cell site PN offset.
• Used by mobile to synchronize with the system
• Transmits sync message with
- Pilot PN offset - System time
- Long PN code - System ID
- Network ID - Paging chl data rate
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• Tx at 1200 bps
PAGING CHLS (W1-W7)
On this chl base station can page the subs unit
and it can send call set-up and traffic chl
assignment information.
• Means of communication between base to
mobile station.
• Paging CHL data Rates can be 2.4,4.8 or 9.6
Kbps.
• CDMA assignment has 7 paging CHLs.
• Each paging CHL supports 180 pages per set.
• Total pages/ CDMA RF chl = 1260
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• Provides mobile with
- System Parameter message - Neighbour list
- Access Parameter list - CDMA Channel list
• Used by base station to :
- Page mobile - Transmit overhead information
- Assign mobile to traffic channel

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Traffic Channels ( W8-W31 & W33-W63)
The traffic chl carries the actual call. That is, the
voice and control information between the subs unit
& base station.
TX upto 9.6kbps on rate set 1 and upto 14.4kbps
on rate set 2.

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Access CHLS.
(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base
station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The
access chl is used for call origination & for
response to pages, orders & registration
requests. It is paired with corresponding paging
chl.
(b) Each Access CHL use long PN code.
(c) Base station responds to transmission on a
particular Access CHL.
(d)Mobile responds to base station message by
emitting on Access CHL.
(e) Tx at 4800bps 39
 Forward Traffic Channel Generation
I PN

9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps Power Wt
1200 bps Control
R=1/2 bit
Rate set 1
Convolutional Block 19.2 ksps
Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Rate set 2 1.2288
14400 bps R=3/4 19.2 Mcps
7200 bps ksps
3600 bps
1800 bps User
Long 1.2288 Mcps
Address 800Hz
Code PN decimator decimator
Mask
(ESN)
O PN
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Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake
receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers
(or fingers). One of the receivers constantly
searches for different multipaths and helps to direct
the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath
signals.
• Allows combined reception of up to three different
paths.
• Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in
path characteristics/new cells.
• Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity
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 Correlator 1 c
o
m
Correlator 2 b
i
n
Correlator 3 e
r

Searcher
Correlator

CDMA mobile rake receiver

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 Rake receiver
ANTENNA

T0 T1 T2 T3 DELAY
TAPS

TAP
W0 W1 W2 W3 WEIGHTS

Summing
Circuit
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OUTPUT
 VOCODER
Disadvantage of Digital Comm. System
Bandwidth expansion of digitally sampled speech
Solution :
Variable rate vocoder
S(t) S(n) P(n)
Speech CDMA
A/D RF
Encoder Modem

Microphone S(t): Input analog Speech

S(n): Input digitized speech blocked into 20 msec frames Mobile
P(n): Encoded packets every 20 msec representing parameters of speech RF
such as spectral envelope, pitch, energy and phases Channel
S(n): Reconstructed digital speech
S(t): Reconstructed analog speech

S(t) S(n) P(n)

Speech CDMA
D/A RF
Decoder Modem

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Speaker
Hand offs
Softer handoff
Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)
• Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell)
• Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to
BSC
• Make before break
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS)
• Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
• Each cell provides voice data to BSC
• Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC
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• Make before break
CDMA Capacity

W/R 1 1
N= -------*-----*--------*n *g
Eb/Io d 1+f
Where
N= calls per sector
W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz)
R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps)
Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB)
d= Voice activity factor (0.4)
f= other interference/ same interference (0.6)
n= loading factor (0.8)
g= reduction for variable power (0.85)

N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps 46

18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps
Power control
CDMA will not work without an effective power control,
because of the near-far problem, fading & varying path
loss.
The system requires fast closed loop power control for
Raleigh fading.
Requires wide dynamic range open loop power control to
handle variations in path losses in different locations.
Open loop power control:
An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile
adjusts its trans power according to changes in its received
power from the base station. 47
Closed loop power control:
• Base station provides rapid correction to the mobiles.
• Compares with the threshold value.
• Takes decision for increasing or decreasing the power.
• Commands the mobile to adjust the output power
accordingly.

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