HIGH RISE

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
BY-
Ruksardeep Kaur
Rohit Devgan
Srishti Sharma
 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
High rise is defined differently by different bodies.

Emporis standards- The International Conference on Fire Safety

A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on
building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is termed as evacuation
high rise.

Building code of Hyderabad,India- Massachusetts, United States General Laws

A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15
meters or more in height.

National Building Code (Part 4) Fire and Life Safety

all buildings 15m and above in height shall be considered as

high rise buildings.
 Foundation Types
Raft foundation: one of the most common foundation. It is known for its load distributing capability. With the usage
of this type of foundation the enormous load of the building gets distributed & helps the building stay upright and
sturdy. Loads are transferred by raft into the ground.
Pile foundation: used for high rise construction. load
of building is distributed to the ground with the help
of piles. Transfer the loads into the ground with an
Adequate factor of safety.
Combined raft-pile: is the hybrid of 2 foundation. It
Consists of both the pile and raft foundation. Useful
in marshy sandy soil that has low bearing capacity.
STRUCTURAL CONCERNS
The primary structural skeleton of a tall building can be visualized as a vertical
cantilever beam with its base fixed in the ground. The structure has to carry the
vertical gravity loads and the lateral wind and earthquake loads.
Gravity loads are caused by dead and live loads. Lateral loads tend to snap the
building or topple it. The building must therefore have adequate shear and
bending resistance and must not lose its vertical load-carrying capability.

The skyscraper pushes down on into the ground .But when the wind
blows, the columns in the windy side stretch apart, and the columns
on the other side squeeze together.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel
Structural systems of tall buildings can also be divided into two broad categories:
1)INTERIOR STRUCTURES
2)EXTERIOR STRUCURES
This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-resisting system over the
building. A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting system is
located within the interior of the building. Likewise, if the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at
the building perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure. It should be noted, however, that any interior
structure is likely to have some minor components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter, and
any exterior structure may have some minor components within the interior of the building.
 INTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Seagram buildi

1)RIGID FRAME
A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed
with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid connections
which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members can
take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant connections.
Can build upto 20 to 25 floors

2)SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE

Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally
partitions and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading. Very high in plane
stiffness and strength make them ideally suited for bracing tall building
Usually built as the core of the building
Can build upto 35 Floors
Shear wall core
 A type of rigid frame construction.
The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wal l is
employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind &
earthquake loadsare the most common among the loads.
For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be
used only in conjunction with other support systems.
3)OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES

The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on both

sides or in some cases it may be located on one side of the building
with outriggers extending to the building columns on the other side
The outriggers are generally in the form of trusses (1 or 2 story
deep) in steel structures, or walls in concrete structures, that
effectively act as stiff headers inducing a tension-compression
couple in the outer columns. Shangai World
financial centre
Belt trusses are often provided to distribute these tensile and
compressive forces to a large number of exterior frame columns.
An build upto 150 floors
EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
1)Tube system
The tube system concept is based on the idea that a
building can be designed to resist lateral loads by
designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube,
the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together with
deep spandrel beams through moment connections.
This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid
frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural
wall along the exterior of the building.
The different tubular systems are-
1)Framed tube 2)Braced tube 3)Bundled tube
4)Tube in tube
 Dewitt chestnut
FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES]
The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very
stiff moment-resistant frames that form a tube around the perimeter
of the building.

The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete

buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions
of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus
such system were economically not viable.

The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep

spandrel girders.

Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls.

When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the direction of loading acts as the webs
of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the
flanges.
The tube form was developed originally for building of rectangular plan, and probably its most
efficient use in that shape.
 THE TRUSSED TUBE
The trussed tube system represents a classic solution for a tube
uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural steel.
Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist
lateral shears by axial in its members rather than through flexure.
Recently the use of perimeter diagonals thus
the term DIAGRID - for structural effectiveness
and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed
interest in architectural and structural designers
of tall buildings.

Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each faade and making

the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column.

The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form a truss in
the plane, but also interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces
to affect the tubular behavior. This creates the x form between corner
columns on each faade.

Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for
windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings.

The faade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads of the Introducing a minimum number of
exterior columns that give a significant impact on the exterior diagonals on each faade and
architecture. making the diagonal intersect at the
same point at the corner column

John Hancock Center

introduced trussed tube
design.
 BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
The concept allows for wider column
spacing in the tubular walls than would
be possible with only the exterior frame
Sears Tower, Chicago.
tube form.

The spacing which make it possible to

place interior frame lines without Burj Khalifa, Dubai.

seriously compromising interior space

planning.

The ability to modulate the cells vertically

can create a powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes therefore
offers great latitude in architectural
planning of at all building.
 TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
Lumbago Tatung Haji Building, Kuala
This variation of the framed tube consists of Lumpur
an outer frame tube, the Hull, together
with an internal elevator and service core.

The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both

gravity and lateral loading.

The outer framed tube and the inner core

interact horizontally as the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame structure, with
the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.

The structural tube usually adopts a highly

dominant role because of its much greater
structural depth.
 SUPER FRAME STRUCTURES
Superframe structures can create ultra high-rise
buildings upto 160 floors.
Superframes or Megaframes assume the form of a portal
which is provided on the exterior of a building.
The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior tubular
structure. The portal frame of the Superframe is
composed of vertical legs in each corner of the building
which are linked by horizontal elements at about every
12 to 14 floors.
Since the vertical elements are concentrated in the
corner areas of the building, maximum efficiency is
obtained for resisting wind forces.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AND TECHNIQUES
1. Slip form
2. Jump form
3. Climbing formwork
4. Table form/ flying form
5. Column system formwork
6. Tunnel form
 SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Slip form construction, or continuously formed
construction, is a construction method in which
concrete is poured into a continuously moving form.
Basically, this method involves the continuous placing
of concrete in a shallow mould having the same plan as
the building to be constructed. This rigid mould, or
"slip-form" as it is called, forms the working deck which
is jacked slowly upwards at a controlled rate until the
required elevation is reached.
 Method of vertically extruding a reinforced concrete section
and is suitable for construction of core walls in high-rise
structures lift shafts, stair shafts, towers.
The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of about 300 mm
per hour, supporting itself on the core and not relying on
support or access from other parts of the building or
permanent works.
Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a
structure and only stops when the full required height of the
structure has been reached.
The height of the formwork is designed in such a way that
while the top of the formwork is being filled by concrete the
lowest layer of concrete poured earlier has already gained an
initial set.
When the formwork is moved upwards the concrete that is
then exposed remains firm.

CHEUNG KONG CENTRE

PROCEDURE :
Assembly can only start once the foundations are in
place and the wall starter is in correct alignment.
Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes.
Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams for
simultaneous upward movement.
Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5 meters.
Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the
working platform.
Structure should be rigid and shape maintained at all
times.
Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the
structure from free upward movement
It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses .
 TYPES OF SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION
1-VERTICAL SLIP-FORM
In vertical slip forming, the concrete form may
be surrounded by a platform on which workers
stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into the
concrete and ensuring a smooth pour.
Together, the concrete form and working
platform are raised by means of hydraulic
jacks.
Generally, the slip-form rises at a rate which
permits the concrete to harden by the time it
emerges from the bottom of the form.
2- HORIZONTAL SLIP-FORM
Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to horizontal structures and are used for
paving, canals, and tunneling.
The technique is more in use for structures that have continuous walls like silos , chimneys, and
piers for very tall bridges.
It has also been successfully used for construction of buildings, although this requires the manner of
leaving inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided well in advance, as well as also any
necessary inserts to support floor slabs after the walls are constructed.
 3-TAPERED SLIP-FORMING
Slip-forming is also used in the construction of conical chimneys, cooling towers, piers and other tall
concrete structures involving constant or changing thicknesses in walls, diameters and/or shapes.
A form is used with sections which overlap so that one gradually slides over the other.
This is commonly done in chimney construction but it is not satisfactory for architectural concrete because
the lap shows.
While the tapered slip-forming process is similar to that used on the standard slip-forming, it requires
greater attention, contractor experience and expertise ensures the success of such projects.
ADVANTAGES:
A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required formwork to retain the concrete till it can be
safely de-shuttered and be able to support itself and other imposed loads.
The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer locations and then re-erected.
Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes.
In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only once and remains intact until the entire
structure is completed.
Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving for re-erection.
Cost effective
The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also leads to far more safe working conditions
that also make it a major advantage.
 PRECAUTIONS
Concrete is continuously protected against loss of moisture and rapid temperature changes for 7 days
Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and flowing water
Prevent plastic shrinkage
Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.
CAPITAL GATE- ABUDHABI

BURJ KHALIFA
 JUMP FORM
Generally, jump form systems comprise the
formwork and working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel fixing
and concreting.
Jump form, often described as climbing
form. It is suitable for construction of multi-
floor vertical concrete elements in high-rise
structures, such as shear walls, core walls,
lift shafts, stair shafts and bridge pylons.
It is a highly productive system designed to
increase speed and efficiency while
minimizing labor and time.
 PROCESS EFFICIENCY-
Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning of the
construction process. Crane availability is critical for normal
jump form.
Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for crane
time considerably. By allowing the crane to be used for other
construction work this may reduce the total number of cranes
needed on site.
The formwork is independently supported, so the shear walls
and core walls can be completed ahead of the rest of the
main building structure. This can help to provide stability to
the main structure during its construction and can have the
beneficial effect of taking the jump form core off the project
critical path.
 SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES
The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with little
formwork waste generated compared to traditional formwork.
Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and cost
effectiveness for certain high-rise building structures.
The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the
engineered nature of the formwork, allows fine tuning of the
construction operations, which in turn leads to minimal
concrete wastage.
Many repeated uses of formwork are possible before
maintenance or replacement is needed, the number of uses
depending on the quality of the surface finish of concrete
specified
 CLIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION

It is an economical, rapid and accurate method of constructing reinforced

concrete, or post-tensioned concrete structures.
At its most basic level, slipforming is a type of movable formwork which is slowly
raised, allowing the continuous extrusion of concrete.

Types of climbing form

Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the
building process. While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective solution for
buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as towers or skyscrapers) or that require a
seamless wall structure (using gliding formwork, a special type of climbing formwork).
Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated from time to time, or can
even move on their own (usually on hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing and gliding
formworks).
Climbing formwork on a future residential SKYSCRAPER
in New Zealandthe whole white upperstructure is actually formwork and associated
working facilities.
Types
Climbing formwork (crane-climbing): in this
type of climbing formwork, the formwork
around the structure is displaced upwards
with the help of one or more cranes .once the
hardening of the concrete has proceeded far
enough. This may entail lifting the whole
section, or be achieved segmentally.

Crane-Climbing formwork:
The working platform and
the formwork are a unit
 Climbing formwork (self-climbing): In this type of formwork, the structure elevates itself with the help of
mechanic leverage equipment (usually hydraulic). To do this, it is usually fixed to sacrificial cones or rails
emplaced in the previously cast concrete.
Gliding formwork: This type of formwork is similar to the self-climbing type above. However, the climbing
process is continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually only interrupted for a very short time (for
example to fix the mounting mechanisms to new anchoring points). The advantage is that it will produce
seamless structures, but it requires a continuous, uninterrupted process throughout, with serious potential
quality and stability problems if the pour has to be stopped
TABLE FORM/FLYNG FORM
A table form/flying form is a large pre-
assembled formwork and falsework unit, often
forming a complete bay of suspended floor slab.
It offers mobility and quick installation for
construction projects with regular plan layouts
or long repetitive structures, so is highly suitable
for flat slab, and beam and slab layouts.
TABLE FORM AND FLYING FORM IS ROUTINELY USED FOR:
Residential flats
Hotels
Hostels
Offices
Commercial buildings
 BENEFITS
Fast construction for large floor layouts.
Fully assembled units can be manoeuvred quickly into place.
Using appropriate quality control, high quality surface finishes can be achieved.
Reduced long-term workforce requirement on site.
The need for infill areas and decking joints is minimised.
Individual components of the formwork system can be precisely adjusted.
Repetitive nature of the work makes it easier to plan construction activities.
SYSTEM COLUMN FORMWORK
The column formwork systems now available are normally
modular in nature and allow quick assembly and erection
on-site while minimising labour and crane time.
They are available in steel, aluminium and even cardboard
(not reusable but recycled) and have a variety of internal
face surfaces depending on the concrete finish required.
Innovations have led to adjustable, reusable column forms
which can be clamped on-site to give different column
sizes
 Tunnel form
Tunnel form is used to form repetitive cellular
structures, and is widely recognised as a modern
innovation that enables the construction of horizontal
and vertical elements (walls and floors) together.
Significant productivity benefits have been achieved by
using tunnel form to construct cellular buildings such as
hotels, low- and high-rise housing, hostels, student
accommodation, prison and barracks accommodation.
 Main Equipments
Tower crane
Concrete pump
Protection screen
Plumb lazer
Platforms, chute and lifts

CLIMBING TOWER CRANES

A climbing tower crane lifts itself up using a climbing
attachment with hydraulic jacks that surrounds the mast.
The climbing attachment lifts itself up off the erected
mast and inserts a new mast section
Climbing Tower Cranes Tie-in Assembly
Concrete Pump Self Climbing

The concrete is pumped by a diesel powered, static

concrete pump, through a fixed 125 mm pipeline, to the
folding placing boom. The boom is mounted on a steel
column of up to 20 metres high. The column is
supported by a cross base or a system of floor frames
set into the concrete floors. With floor frames , the
whole column / boom assembly can climb with the
building as the work progresses. For placing concrete
pumping is faster than using a crane and skip and is less
likely to be adversely affected by high winds.
Concrete Pump
Protection Screen - Self climbing

Protection screens enclose the top floors of a high rise

enabling construction work to be carry out in great safety, and
protected from the weather.
The screen will contain any debris and tools that would
otherwise fall to the surface.
The Protection screen can be moved upwards hydraulically or
using a tower crane.
Platforms, Chutes & Lift
Materials found in the construction of
High-rise buildings
The vast majority of the UK residential High rise buildings are built of Reinforced concrete. Some very early
buildings used Brick and concrete combinations and the most modern buildings have a higher proportion of
Steelwork, but concrete remain the standard material. Other elements may include Brick/Block work,
Metalwork, Glass, Plastics, External cladding, constructional skin cladding, Glass/MMM fibre

CONCRETE
Concrete is an incredibly strong man made mixture of aggregate (sand and gravel), cement and water that
has been used in construction since Roman times. It is very hard and in its normal state can withstand high
compression loads but it has one major weakness - it cannot resist tension loads, having perhaps a tenth
of its compressive strength when it is pulled.
So it is good pillars, but not poor for beams. For the last 100
years or so Steel reinforcing wire or bar ( rebar ) has been
imbedded within the concrete slabs to overcome this
weakness. This steel can be placed under tension (either
before pouring as pre-tensioned reinforced concrete or after
curing , post tensioned reinforced concrete).
Brick (or block work)
Brick is rarely used as the primary construction material in high rise
buildings because it has a relatively limited strength under load. In
general load bearing walls made of brick seldom extend 10 floors. Brick
(or block work) is frequently used to create internal sub-division or as a
cladding (in which case it is only bearing the load of its own weight not
the entire building). Brickwork walls that are load bearing are (pro-rata)
much thicker than concrete walls and this thickness also provides for
better behavior in fire.
Dry Brickwork does not suffer from spalling in the same way as concrete
but failure, although uncommon is hard to predict.
Brick is more predictable in its failure rate than concrete and because it
is generally not load bearing, poses less of a problem to Fire crews.
Glass
Glass is a hard, brittle substance, usually transparent,
made by fusing silicates under high temperatures with
soda, lime, etc. it is brittle and does not stand high impact
but its tensile strength can be 5x that of the best steel.
This high strength and the development of modern glass
construction techniques means that many new high rise
buildings use large quantities of glass as walling (usually
supports by steel framework). This technique is seldom
used in residential accommodation, but all windows will be
glass held in by a variety of framing materials
Metals
The three metals commonly used in construction are Iron (usually cast), Steel and Aluminium.
Cast Iron
Cast Iron was widely used in building construction in the 19th Century but its use has been overtaken by
Steel. Cast Iron has little strength in tension but is very strong in compression. It can still be found in
some older High Rise buildings, usually to provide structural beams and columns.
Steel
Steel is extensively used in all forms of construction and is
present in nearly every form of reinforced concrete. Steel is a
metal alloy whose major component is iron. Different mixes of
steel will possess different characteristics from varying
hardness and malleability to Corrosion resistance and weight.
Because of its limitations in fire, if used in a structural context,
steel is usually given additional fire protection, in the form of a
sacrificial cladding or a barrier. The steel work buried within
reinforced concrete is to a large degree protected from fire by
the concrete covering it, but prolonged exposure to high
temperature can affect the integrity or the tensioning within
concrete, leading to failure.
Aluminium
Aluminium is a relatively soft and light metal with a melting point of 660C. Its lightness
means it has uses in the
construction industry for non-structural items, such as door and window frames and
external cladding.
Aluminiums greatest weaknesses is the low temperature at which its structural stability
is affected which can be as
low as 100-250C, and its high thermal expansion (over twice that of steel)
Plastics
The commonest construction plastics found is uPVC and Polystyrene
UPVC
Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride is a lightweight is widely used as a
framing and cladding material. It is also extensively used in plumbing
as pipe material for waste and rainwater.
It is very durable but weak and like most plastics has a low
decomposition temperature.
It has been extensively user in the refurbishment of many UK tower
blocks from the 60s and 70s to provide double glazed windows and
balcony doors.
uPVC does not burn freely and has Class 1 fire rating but if exposed
to fire it will fail very early
Polystyrene
Polystyrene is primarily used as an insulation material as it has a very low
thermal transfer rate.
When used in construction it is usually treated to have a degree of fire
resistance. Once it starts to decompose due to fire it melts and liberated large
quantities of acrid smoke.
It can be found in floor slabs and within wall structures. Is also used as a
lagging or insulation material within the buildings services.
Natural and Man Made Mineral Fibres
These materials are very fire resistant, but once they start to decompose, the air-born
partials pose a significant health hazard.
Many Buildings have had extensive surveys to look for existence of Mineral Fibres (primarily
Asbestoses) and in most cases the higher risk fibres have been removed from buildings.
Asbestos is a natural mineral fiber.
It is obtained from rocks.
It is acid proof, rust proof & flame proof.
it is used for making fire fighting suits.
Glass fiber produced by heating silica, sand & limestone and other minerals are man
made mineral fibers.
These are non absorbent, easily laundered & highly fire proof.
 At the heart of the tri - state transportation network

The World Trade Center development links

seamlessly to the metropolitan areas, local and
regional transport services.

It provides quick and easy access to the regions

three international airports, as well as a full range of
rail services.

With the completion of World Trade Center

Transportation Hub, the World Trade Center offers
unsurpassed downtown access, connecting to
eleven subway lines, PATH(rapid transit railroad
service) and Hudson River ferries.

The One World Trade Center lobby features street-

level entrances on three sides. It also provides quick
and convenient access to the Transportation Hub
and retail concourses.
THANK YOU