Perspectives on Economy and

Work in the United States

 Functionalist Perspective
Functionalists view the economy as a vital
social institution because it is the means by
which needed goods and services are
produced and distributed. When the economy
runs smoothly, other parts of society function
more eff ectively. However, if the system
becomes unbalanced, such as when demand
does not keep up with production, a
maladjustment occurs
 Conflict Perspective
Conflict theorists have a diff erent view of business
cycles and the economic system. From a confl ict
perspective, business cycles are the result of capitalist
greed. In order to maximize profi ts, capitalists
suppress the wages of workers. As the prices of
products increase, workers are not able to purchase
them in the quantities that have been produced. Th e
resulting surpluses cause capitalists to reduce
production, close factories, and lay off workers, thus
contributing to the growth of the reserve army of the
unemployed, whose presence helps reduce the wages
of the remaining workers.
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Sociologists who focus on microlevel analyses
are interested in how the economic system
and the social organization of work aff ect
peoples attitudes and behavior. Symbolic
interactionists, in particular, have examined
the factors that contribute to job satisfaction.
 The Social Organization of Work
As societies grow larger in population and more
complex in their division of labor, different
categories of work are identified by
government bureaucracies.
Occupation
are categories of jobs that involve similar
activities at different work sites. Over 500 diff
erent occupational categories and 31,000
occupation titles, ranging from motion picture
cartoonist to drop-hammer operator, are
currently listed by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Professions
Athletes who are paid for playing sports are
referred to as professional athletes. Dog
groomers, pest exterminators, automobile
mechanics, and nail technicians (manicurists)
also refer to themselves as professionals.
 Characteristics of Professions
1. Abstract, specialized knowledge-
Professionals have abstract, specialized
knowledge of their fi eld based on formal
education and interaction with colleagues.
2. . Autonomy. Professionals are autonomous
in that they can rely on their own judgment in
selecting the relevant knowledge or the
appropriate technique for dealing with a
problem.
 Characteristics of Professions
3. In exchange for autonomy, professionals are
theoretically self-regulating. All professions
have licensing, accreditation, and regulatory
associations that set professional standards
and that require members to adhere to a code
of ethics as a form of public accountability.
 Characteristics of Professions
4. Authority- Because of their authority,
professionals expect compliance with their
directions and advice. Th eir authority is based
on mastery of the body of specialized
knowledge and on their professions
autonomy:
 Characteristics of Professions
5. Altruism - . Th e term altruism implies some
degree of self-sacrifi ce whereby professionals
go beyond their self-interest or personal
comfort so that they can help a patient or
client.
 Managers and the Managed
Manager refer to executives, managers, and
administrators
1. Executives - upper level of a workplace
bureaucracy
2. Administrators - work for governmental
bureaucracies or organizations dealing with
health, education, or welfare
3. Manager - typically have responsibility for
workers, physical plants, equipment, and the fi
nancial aspects of a bureaucratic organization.
 The Lower Tier of the Service Sector
and Marginal Jobs
Positions in the lower tier of the service sector
are part of the secondary labor market,
characterized by low wages, little job security,
few chances for advancement, higher
unemployment rates, and very limited (if any)
unemployment benefits.
 Employment norms
1. be legal;
2. be covered by government work
regulations, such as minimum standards of
pay, working conditions, and safety standards
3. be relatively permanent
4. provide adequate pay with sufficient hours
of work each week to make a living
 Marginal Jobs
Personal Service Workers
Private Household Workers
 Contingent Work
Contingent work is part-time work, temporary
work, or subcontracted work that off ers
advantages to employers but that can be
detrimental to the welfare of workers.
 The Underground Economy
made up of a wide variety of activities through
which people make money that they do not
report to the government, and in some cases,
their endeavors may involve criminal behavior.
Employees are paid in cash, their earnings are
not reported, and no taxes are paid.
 Unemployment
Even when national or regional
unemployment rates are low, there are still
people looking for a job. As companies
restructure, downsize, or go out of business,
tens of thousands are at least temporarily
jobless.
 Worker Resistance and Activism
In their individual and collective struggles to
improve their work environment and gain
some measure of control over their work-
related activities, workers have used a number
of methods to resist workplace alienation.
 Absenteeism
Sabotage (throwing a monkey wrench in the
gears )
Resistance
 The Global Economy in the Future
(Global Economic Interdependence and
Competition)
Most social analysts predict that transnational
corporations will become even more
significant in the global economy of this
century. As they continue to compete for
world market share, these corporations will
become even less aligned with the values of
any one nation.