03 WCDMA RNP CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning

Internal
WCDMA RNP CW Test

and Propagation Model
Tuning
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 1

Introduction
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an

important step of Propagation Model Tuning.
According to the CW test data (including
latitude/longitude and received level) and
corresponding Digital maps, we can get the
accurate Propagation Model through tuning.

CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow
Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data
Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test
Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio
Propagation
Section 2 Principle of
Propagation Model Tuning
Section 3 Purpose of CW Test
Section 4 Basic Principle of CW
Test

Radio Waveband Classification
Frequency Classification Designation
3-30Hz
30-300Hz Extremely Low ELF
Frequency
300-3000Hz Voice Frequency VF
3-30KHz Very-low Frequency VLF
30-300KHz Low Frequency LF
300-3000KHz Medium Frequency MF
3-30MHz High Frequency HF
30-300MHz Very High Frequency VHF
300-3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF
3-30GHz Super High Frequency SHF
30-300GHz Extremely High EHF
Frequency
300-3000GHz
Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.

Generation of Electromagnetic Wave
Based on Maxwell equations set:
The variable magnetic field can excite eddy electric field and variable electric field can also
excite eddy magnetic field.
Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic wave) forms due to mutual
excitation of alternating electric and magnetic field.
The speed of electromagnetic wave only varies with electric and magnetic characteristics of
medium. The propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum equals that of light in
vacuum.
Light and electromagnetic wave are essentially the same. Light is electromagnetic wave of a
certain wavelength.
Oscillator
Magnetic field
Magnetic field
Electric field Electric field Electric field
Transmission direction of electric wave

Propagation Path
Perpendicular incidence wave Troposphere reflection wave

and ground reflection wave (the propagation is very random)
(most common propagation modes)
Ionosphere refraction wave

Mountain diffraction wave (beyond-the-horizon communication path)
(shadow area signal source)

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
Ripple in the pond: Energy is propagated around from the source point and
gradually weakens.
Electromagnetic wave is similarly propagated except that (when the radiation source
is isotropically effective ideal point source):
It is propagated in the form of spherical wave in three-dimension space.
The propagation media are different, including air, obstacle and reflector.

Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Electric wave propagation system LOS and NLOS
of Land Mobile Communications
Radio propagation
in actual
Reflected wave of building
environment Diffracted wave
Direct wave
Reflected wave on the ground

Characteristics of Radio Channels
Pr (dBm) Fast fading
Radio channels vary with
users position and time. Slow fading
-20
Multipath scattering and
obstruction result in
acute changes to -40
received power.
Slow fading

-60
Attenuation: Pr is in direct
proportion to 1/dn.
Shadow: obstructed by barriers
Fast fading 10 20 30 d (m)

Multipath effect
Fast changes to signal
strength at small distance
and time interval
Doppler frequency shift
Delay spread

Diversity Technology
Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies
Explicit diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Frequency diversityGSM-frequency hopping; WCDMA-spread
spectrum
Implicit diversity
Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide
diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE
reception technology, interleaving and error code correction.
Regarded as time diversity

Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at
different time.
When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals, co-channel
interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath
delay larger than one chip period (0.26s) can be recognized.
Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3
Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology

Doppler Frequency Shift
Example of Doppler effect: A train is passing by you.
Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications
f1
f3
f2
V(km/h)

Loss
Diffraction loss Penetration loss
T
R
R
Clutter loss

Penetration Loss
Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building.
Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room.
Building materials have great effect on penetration loss.
The reference angle of electromagnetic wave have great effect
on penetration loss.
d
w1 D w2
0 0
E2
0 0

E1
WdBm XdBm
Penetration loss=X-W=B dB Reflection and refraction of

electromagnetic wave through the
wall
Penetration Loss
Obstacle/penetration loss is:

Partition obstruction: 520dB
Floor obstruction: 20dB
Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 215dB
Thick glass: 610dB
Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 1530dB
Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so
Loss of thick leaves: 10dB

Reflection Loss
Paddy City, mountain

Ground type Water Field
field and forest
Equivalent ground
0.91 0.60.8 0.30.5 0.10.2
reflection coefficient
Reflection loss (dB) 01 24 610 1420

Radio Propagation Environment
Radio propagation environment determines the propagation

models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the
following factors:
Landform: mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation
Clutter: building, road and bridge
Noise: natural noise and artificial noise
Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)

Type of radio environment
Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1

and specific conditions in China.
Propagation
Description
environment
Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of

Dense urban
building .
Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide
Urban
streets.
Suburban Low and sparse buildings
Rural Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation
Mountainous areas
Road
Indoor

Type of propagation environment
The corresponding cell type is as follows:
Cell type Cell type Typical antenna installation
Installed outdoors, higher than average height of

Macro-cell >500 m
surrounding roofs
Installed outdoors, lower than average height of
Micro-cell 100~500m
surrounding roofs
Installed outdoors or indoors, lower than height of all
Pico-cell <100m
roofs
Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell

Section 1 Basic Principle of
Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of Propagation
Model Tuning
Test

Radio Propagation Model
Propagation model is used to predict the

effect of terrain,
obstacle and artificial environment on the
path loss.
WCDMA common propagation models

Common propagation models

Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M2000MHz
COST231-Hata model
For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
For: 800M-2000MHz
Keenan-Motley model
For indoor propagation
Propagation model in UNET
For macro cell on 300M2000M

Model in UNET:
L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction

+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m)
Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter

Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of
CW Test

Purpose of CW Test
GPS
Compare CW test data

with prediction results,
and then tune the
propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy
of coverage prediction.

Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of
Test

Basic Principle of CW Test
Typification
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave in this area.
Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different clutters
in this area.

CONTENT

and CW Test

CW Test Flow
Section 1 Site Selection
Section 2 Building Test
Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test

Site Selection
Principles of site selection
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be

tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.
Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test
environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation
characteristics.
Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as
much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.
Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if
obvious obstacle exists.

Site Selection
Standards of site selection
a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m.

b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest
obstacle.
c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the
roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the
site is located should be higher than average height of
surrounding buildings.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 32

5m
HUAWEI Confidential
CW Test Flow

Building Test Platform in Networking
Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and
antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop
Tx antenna
Signal source TMA

RF cable 1 RF cable 2
Rx antenna Drive test

instrument Laptop
Power supply Build-in GPS
High frequency signal
source

Building Test Platform in Networking
Record the gain of the following parts on signals
during networking:
Tx power of signal source
Loss of RF cable
Gain of Tx antenna
Gain of Rx antenna

CW Test Flow

Drive Test
Keep to the following standards to select a test path
Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.
Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in this area
if the landforms are up-and-down.
Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the site in the
area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and vertical
route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than 60km.
Number of test points: The more, the better.
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as possible to
improve the reliability of models.
Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when antenna
signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.

Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40
The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample
Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal

conditions:
Fading over 15~30db without reasonable

causes
In tunnels
Under the viaducts

Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional
antennas are adopted for a CW test.

CONTENT

and CW Test

Analysis of Test Data
Section 1 Data Filtering
Section 2 Data Dispersion
Section 3 Data Binning
Section 4 Format Conversion

Data Filtering
Data to be filtered is as follows:
1. Data tested in the places where

GPS is unable to locate accurately
(such as under the overhead rack,
in the tunnel).
2. Data obtained when the distance

to antenna is too near or far.
3. Data obtained with too weak

signals.
4. Error data caused by inexact AP

(antenna pattern).
5. Other data inconsistent with the

requirements during the route
design of CW test.


Data Dispersion
Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as

follows:
x L
1
r(x) = m(x)r0(x) m( x)
2L xL
r ( y)dy
X: distance
r(x): received signals
r0(x): Raileigh Fading
m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading
and space propagation loss
2L: average length between sampling areas, also called
intrinsic length

Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography

location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and
m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh
Fading should be excluded.
When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of
sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean
value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,
namely, 40 wavelength)
Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving
speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the
binning.

Data Dispersion
The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:
Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating
point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the
receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS.
The vehicle speed between two locating points is uniform.
The time interval between every two measurement records is
the same.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between
two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient
points in every 6m range on test route.

Section 1 Data filtering

Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast

fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side,

perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each
grid, and then take the grid center as the new location.
Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval
with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the
data in each section to select some point for the location of
mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor


Format Conversion
The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is
X Y CW_Power_List__ CW_Power_List__A Time Date

Freq__Hz mpl__dBm
Data format imported to UNET is
X Y CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm
Format conversion can be implemented manually (saved

as .dat file)

CONTENT

and CW Test

Section 1 Preparation
Section 2 Propagation Model
Tuning

Preparations
Installing network planning software:
UNET is powerful planning and optimization

software and model tuning is only one of its
functional modules.
Creating a project
In UNET, perform planning and optimization

model tuning based on each project.
Importing antenna pattern file
Correctly import the antenna pattern varying

with different manufacturers

Section 1 Preparations
Section 2 Propagation
Model Tuning

Propagation Model Tuning Flow

Establishing a model
Establish a standard macrocell model to be

tuned.
Select the effective antenna height.
Select a calculation method of diffraction
loss.
Importing data
Import CW test data file into the project.

Map correction
GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM

projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such
projections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW
test data does not correspond to them.
Correction method:
Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates
in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the
test data.

Setting Filtering
Distance filtering:
Filter the data of which r is less than
150m or r is greater than 3000m.
Signal strength filtering:
Filter the data of which Signal is greater
than -40dBm or Signal is less than -
121dB.
Clutter filtering
Filter the Clutter in which sampling
points are less than 300.

Parameter tuning
L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + 4Diffraction

+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff)
+ Kclutterf(clutter)
Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff),

Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to
finally tune SPM propagation model.


ERROR (measurement prediction)
Regression line
calculated
values for the
variable


Correction of propagation model parameters in a city
Parameter K Reference value
K1 23.2
K2 44.90
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 -6.55
K6 0

Analysis of correction results
Analyze correctness of the acquired model after

correction.
Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which
refer to the binding degree of the acquired model and actual
test environment.
Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual
model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and
actual test environment are well bound.

Summary
After completing this course, you should be able

to master:
Principle and purpose of CW test
Process of CW test
Process of propagation model tuning

Thank you
www.huawei.com

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WCDMA RNP CW Test

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 1

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

Chapter 2 CW Test Flow

Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data

Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principle of CW

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

Electric field Electric field Electric field

Transmission direction of electric wave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

Perpendicular incidence wave Troposphere reflection wave

Ionosphere refraction wave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

Fast fading 10 20 30 d (m)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

Diffraction loss Penetration loss

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

Penetration loss=X-W=B dB Reflection and refraction of

Obstacle/penetration loss is:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

Paddy City, mountain

Reflection loss (dB) 01 24 610 1420

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

Radio propagation environment determines the propagation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1

Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of

Suburban Low and sparse buildings

Rural Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

Type of propagation environment

The corresponding cell type is as follows:

Cell type Cell type Typical antenna installation

Installed outdoors, higher than average height of

Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 20

Section 1 Basic Principle of

Section 2 Theory of Propagation

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principle of CW

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21

Propagation model is used to predict the

WCDMA common propagation models

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential Page 22

Common propagation models