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SEPARATION SYSTEM-PART 2
Dr. Agus Arsad
Group Working Session
Assume volatility:
Hydrogen>methane>benzene>toluene>diphenyl
Number of Alternative Sequences for
Ordinary Distillation
Number of Number of possible
components sequences
2 1
3 2
4 5
5 14
6 42
7 132
8 429
9 1,430
10 4,862
Ns = [2(P-1)]!/P!(P-1)!
Sequencing of Distillation Columns
100-tray column
C3 & 1-Butene in
distillate
Propane and
1-Butene recovery
Pentane
withdrawn as n-C4 and 2-C4=s
bottoms cannot be
separated by
ordinary
distillation
(=1.03), so 96%
2-C4=s withdrawn as furfural is added
distillate. Furfural is as an extractive
recovered as agent ( 1.17).
bottoms and recycled n-C4 withdrawn as
to C-4 distillate.
Separation is Energy Intensive
Design a sequence of
ordinary distillation
columns to meet the
given specifications.
Class Exercise Possible Solution
Costing as a factor of consideration
(A/B)I, (E/F)I, (B/C)I, (A/C)I , (C/B)II, and (C/D)II
1-5-16-28 900,200
1-5-17-29 872,400
1-6-18 1,127,400
1-7-19-30 878,000
1-7-20 1,095,600
Species
Propane A
1-Butene B
n-Butane C
trans-2-Butene D
cis-2-Butene E
n-Pentane F
(A/B)I, (E/F)I, (B/C)I, (A/C)I , (C/B)II, and (C/D)II
Species
Propane A
1-Butene B
n-Butane C
trans-2-Butene D
cis-2-Butene E
n-Pentane F
(A/B)I, (E/F)I, (B/C)I, (A/C)I , (C/B)II, and (C/D)II
3-11-23-31 878,200
3-11-24 1,095,700
3-12-(25,26) 867,400
3-13-27 1,080,100
Species
Propane A
1-Butene B
n-Butane C
trans-2-Butene D
cis-2-Butene E
n-Pentane F
(A/B)I, (E/F)I, (B/C)I, (A/C)I , (C/B)II, and (C/D)II
4-14-15 1,115,200
Species
Propane A
1-Butene B
n-Butane C
trans-2-Butene D
cis-2-Butene E
n-Pentane F
Lowest Cost Sequence
1 1
2 3
1 2 2 D1 + 2D2 + 3D3 + 3D4
3 3 3 4
4 4 4
2
1 1 2
3 D1 + 3D2 + 3D3 + 2D4
2 2 2 3
3 3 4
4 4
1
2 2 2D1 + 2D2 + 2D3 + 2D4
1
3 2 3
3
3 4 4
4
Most Plentiful First
Separation Sequence Total Load
1
1
2 2
1 3D1 + 3D2 + 2D3 + D4
2 3
1
3
4 2
3 4
4 1
1 2
2 2
1 3 2D1 + 3D2 + 3D3 + D4
3 3
5 2
3 4
4
Sequence Total Load
1 9D
OR, use vapour flowrate approach 2 9D
(see later) 3 8D
4 9D
5 9D
Direct Sequence
A (60)
A (60) B (60)
B (60) B
C (180) C
C (180)
= A + 2B + 2C
A (60)
A
B B (60)
A (60)
B (60)
C (180)
C (180)
1 1
2 2 D D2 D3 D4 D2 D3 D4 D3 D4
1 3
1
2 12 23 34
3
3 3
4 4
4 4
2
1 1 2
load
2 2 2 3 3
3 3 4
D D2 D3 D4 D2 D3 D2 D3 D4
1
4 4 12 23 34
1 Sep difficulty
1
1 2 2 D D2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D3 D4
1
3 2 3 12 23 34
3
3 4 4
4
Difficult Separation Last
Least Difficult 1 D D
4 9 2 (15)
2 D D
4 6 3 (13)
Most Difficult 3 D D
2 12 2 (16)
D D
4 2 9 4 (15)
D D
3 6 4 (13)
Least Difficult 5
Aim to Separate at High T,
Rather than Low T
All other things being equal, avoid
150 excursions in T and P, but aim high,
rather than low
Relative Cost/Btu
Cooling
100
Heating
50
No Component BP (0C)
1. 18% H2 -253
2. 15% CH4 -161
3. 24% C2H4 -104
4. 15% C2H6 -88
5. 14% C3H6 -48
6. 6% C3H8 -42
7. 8% heavies, C4 -1
1 1
2 3
2 3
3 4 4
3 5
4
4 5
5 5
5 6 6
6 6
6
7 7 7
7
Light Olefin Product Separation -
Lightest First -
H2,C1 C2-,C20 C2 ,
[BPC]
18% Hydrogen; H2 [-253]
Pressurized
15% Methane; C1 [-161] columns are
24% Ethylene; C2- [-104] DM used to T
DM SP
15% Ethane; C20 [-88]
14% Propylene; C3- [-48]
6% Propane; C30 [-42]
8% Heavies; C4+ [-1] C20 C3-
C2-,C20,C3-,C30,C4+ C3-,C30
DP SP
DM = Demethanizer C3-,C30,C4+
DP = Depropanizer
SP = Splitter
C4+ C30
Limitations
Fv Q Oper
Cost
Fv Dc Capital
Cost
Favour sequence with the lowest vapour flowrate
Vapour flowrate estimation
V = D(1 + R)
Define RF = R/Rmin
V = D(1 + RFRmin) (1)
1
Vapour Flowrate Approach (2)
1 F
Rmin =
-1 D (2)
2
Vapour Flowrate Approach (3)
V=D 1 + RF F
-1 D
The table below gives the data for a ternary separation of benzene, toluene
and ethyl benzene. Using the vapour flowrate equation, determine whether
direct or indirect sequence should be used.
RF=1.1
Solution: Vapour Flowrate Approach
0
0
57
For the indirect sequence
S V = (269 + 282) + (269 + 282 + 57) 1.1 + 269 + (269 + 282) 1.1
(1.8 -1) (1.96 -1)
269
= 1387 + 900.4 0
= 2287.4 kmol/h 0
269
282 0
57 282
0 0
Hence, the direct sequence 0
should be used 57
Working Session SS1:
Separation Synthesis 1
MEA + EO NH(CH2CH2CH2OH)2
(DEA)
DEA + EO N(CH2CH2OH)3
(TEA)
Quiz 4124: Separation Synthesis 2
(cont)
Assuming that
EO is fully converted
some NH3 is unconverted
reactor effluent contains equal amount of NH3, MEA, DEA and TEA
separation by distillation is desirable
the boiling point order is according to NH3 << MEA << DEA << TEA
Advantages of distillation
Alternatives to Distillation
Extraction
Extractive Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation
Reactive Distillation
Crystallization
Adsorption
Reaction
Membrane Separation
Extraction
5 B
B+S C
7
3 2
B+C 6
S 1
C (+ B) 4
6 5 2
B 3 S
1
4
B+C C+S C
7
(+ B)
Refer R.E. Treybal on
the use of liquid extraction
Extractive Distillation
S B A
A+B azeotrope
C1
A+B C1
C2
B
S
S B S
C2
e.g., A = Ethanol
B = H2 O mix
S = Ethylene Glycol split
Azeotropic Distillation
ABS Ternary
heterogeneous
azeotrope
A+B
azeotrope A+B
C1 C2 azeotrope
A
A C3
B
e.g., A = Ethanol
B = H2 O B
S = Benzene
Reactive Distillation
B(meta-xylene)
S
B
C1
C
C2
C+S
C (para-xylene)
Add an entrainer to react with one component in a mixture that is
difficult to separate (e.g. xylene isomers)
B, C = meta- & para-xylenes: = 1.03
S = Organometallic, e.g. sodium cumene; C (para) reacts with S; B:CS ~ 30
Separation greatly simplified, but, problems in handling sodium cumene
Important alternative if a simpler to handle entariners can be found