Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mudlogging
Cores
Wireline logs
Drillstem testing
Subsurface maps
LOGGING UNIT
CABLE
CEMENTED CASING
CASED HOLE LOGS
CASING SHOE
Recorders
Wireline Cable
Logging Tools
ECLIPS
Offshore & Land Unit from Baker Atlas
Logging truck and Offshore cabin
from Schlumberger
Photographic recorder
Films
Magnetic tapes
DAT or CDs (new generation)
Magnetic recorder
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Introduction
When Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger ran the first well-log back in 1927, they
called it with great foresight : electrical coring .
These words were indeed very prophetic since well-log data represent a quasi-
continuous record (more continuous than coring) with higher resolution than
seismic (from 1m to 5mm).
1927-1930
1927-1930
Tool System
Cartridge
Cartridge :
Electronic Device
Generator/Power Supply
R
Telemetry System
Sonde :
Logging
Sonde
Sensor(s)/Receiver
Transmitter T
ADVANTAGES :
Acquisition of large amount of data in relatively short time and
at reasonable cost
In situ measurement of formation properties
Determine where other tests should be conducted (optimisation)
DISADVANTAGES :
Indirect measurement of needed parameters
Need special interpretaion techniques.
Passive measurements
Gamma ray : indicates lithology
Spontaneous potential : indicates
lithology
Caliper : hole condition
Active measurements
Resistivity : fluid saturation, fluid
Cap rock type
Oil Porosity : rock properties, quantity
of hydrocarbon
Density : rock properties, seismic
response
Sonic log : rock properties, seismic
response
Reservoir rock Source rock
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Well Log Interpretation
Well
Rock type
Sandstone
Porosity
Depth Permeability
Claystone
Fluid type
Fluid volume
Limestone
Formation tops
Fractures
Shale
Granite
OBJECTIVE
PROSES INVASI
Selama Pengeboran :
Tekanan lumpur sebesar (Pm)
Tekanan hydrostatic fluida di dalam pori-pori formasi (Pr)
Beda kedua tekanan tadi dikontrol untuk :
Mencegah Blowout
Mendorong cairan lumpur pemboran masuk kedalam
formasi (proses invasi).
Proses invasi menimbulkan padatan pada dinding formasi yang dinamakan
Kerak lumpur (mud cake).
Daerah disekitar lubang bor dibedakan menjadi invade zone (flushed zone dan
transition zone) dan uninvaded zone
Merupakan hal yang mendasar yang perlu diketahui oleh setiap enginer yang
melakukan analisa log
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
Nomenclature:
Borehole:
Rm = Resistivity of mud.
Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.
Flushed Zone:
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate.
RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone.
SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone.
Uninvaded
Zone
(Rt)
Invaded
Zone (Rxo)
Wellbore
Mud
(Rm)
n
i to
Uninvaded n s Mud Cake
Tra ne
Zone Zo (Rmc)
(Rt)
3. Undisturbed zone:
Punya Resistivitas Air Formasi (Rw), Resistivitas Batuan (Rt), dan Water
Saturation (Sw) .
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
Resistivity profiles around Borehole
Logs typically measure three
resistivities: shallow, intermediate and
deep corresponding to the three
zones around the borehole.
Q KA P1 P2
L
Resistivity profiles around Borehole
The graph shows resistivity profiles in
rock filled with oil (or fresh water).
Q KA P1 P2
L
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
DRILLING DISTURBS FORMATION
Drilling and rock
crushing
Damage zone
invasion
Oil Base Mud
Small conductivity mud
Shallow invasion
Thin cake Invading filtrate
Water Base Mud
Moderate to very conductive
mud
Shallow to deep invasion
From J. Jensen, PETE 321 Lecture Notes
Thin to thick cake
Borehole Conditions
Uninvaded zone
Zone of Transition or Annulus
Flushed zone
Bed 1
Sandstone Mud
cake
Bed
thickness
Bed
Boundary
Temperature,
Pressure Drop
Hole
Bed 2 size
Shale
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Common Types of Logs
Gamma (GR)
Resistivity (LLD)
Sonic (DT)
Density (RHOB)
Neutron (CNT)
Possible error:
sand line is not clean enough
shale line is not pure shale
clay mineral in sand is not
equivalent to the shale
R is resistivity in ohm-meter
r is resistance in ohms
A is area in square meters
L is length in meters
or
Dual Laterolog
(Deep and Shallow)
Induction Tool
Generator
B N
M
Spacing O
Normal
Measurement of resistivity:
Rm = Resistivity of mud
Resistivity Measurement
determinations.
or
Fresh water
Hydrocarbon
Rt un invaded zone
Clean ? GR and SP
2. Quantity
Resistivity
(1-Sw)
F (Rt,)
Hydrocarbon
Bearing
Water Bearing
Rock
1. Locate reservoir
Non-Reservoir 2. Detected hydrocarbons
3. Distinguish oil and gas
4. Evaluate , Rw, Shc
Schlumberger
Nomenclature:
Borehole:
Rm = Resistivity of mud.
Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.
Flushed Zone:
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate.
RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone.
SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone.
Uninvaded or Virgin Zone:
RT = True resistivity of formation.
RW = Resistivity of formation water.
SW = Formation Water Saturation.
RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed
resistivity.
di = Diameter of invasion.
dh = Borehole diameter.
h = Bed thickness.
Log that showing of permeable zone are :
1. Spontaneous Potential (SP)
2. Gamma Ray (GR)
Log that measured formation resistivity
1. Log Induction
2. Log Lateral
Log that measured formation porosity
1. Log Neutron
2. Log Density
3. Log Sonic
Looking for Productive Zones ?
Shale
Shale base line in the right side in GR log showing of shale
(not permeable and not productive).
Log-log Resistivitay :
High resistivity showing HC or tight zones or very low porosity/ bad porous zones.
Log-log Porosity
dn
f
of
Sa
t
Cu
e
al
Gamma Ray usually use to :
Sh
reference to all logging data
to separated between permeable and non permeable layer
Correlation well to well
Measurement of radioactive mineral such K, Na, Th
the rock with Thorium content, the GR will be higher (Shaly)
GR doesnt correlated with grain size
Coal included as high GR
-1 0 1
Salinity of mud
or water
formation Hydrocarbon
affecting SP oil
suppression due the
present of HC OWC
Figure 4.
Logging Tool
Un invaded Zone Rt
Rxo
a te rolog
L
onse
Rm
R e s p
Rxo
Rt se
Res p on
n
I nd uctio
0.2 2.0 20
1.0 10
Higher porosity rock has lower resistivity than
lower porosity rock, given the same Sw.
Sand
Body OWC
F x Rw Ro SW : Water Saturation
if n = 2,
Ro
Sw = --------
Rt
This equation can be use if we already know the zone that contain
Grain packing and sorting
DENSITY LOG
Density of Sand is 2.65, if density of
1.7 2.2 2.7 sandstone less than 2.65 it had pores
P ma 1
P ma 2 HOW MUCH THE
P ma 3 POROSITY OF
P ma 4
THIS SAND ?
P ma 5
P ma 1 + P ma 2 + P ma 3 + P ma 4 + P ma 5 ma P log
P log = =
5 P ma P Fluid
2.65 2.172
2.2 + 2.27 + 2.18 + 2.19 +2.02 =
P log = 2.65 1
5
0.478
P log = 2.172 =
1.65
= 0.28 28 %
Potential TOC &
Maturity
POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCK
TOC VS Depth
Telisa
Baturaja
Talang Akar
7800 7800
8000 8000
8200 8200
Oil window @
8130 RKB
Depth feet
Depth
8400 T max 8400 Ro
8600 8600
8800 8800
9000
9000
1.Lithologi
3.Fluid Content
B. ANALISA KUANTITATIF
Q KA P1 P2
L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
Q KA P1 P2
L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
FRESH WATER
MUD
Q KA P1 P2
L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
Q KA P1 P2
L
GR SP
n b
SP - Spontaneous Potential Log
Introduction
Initially to define shale-non shale (bed-boundary identification)
The magnitude varies due to Rw and shale-content variation
Insensitive for thin bed
In practice the SP electrode can be part of the downhole tool (DIT,DLT, sonic)
At surface there is an SP electrode (fish) which is grounded
Application
Identify permeable zone
Calculate shale content of a sand body (Vsh)
Calculate Formation water resistivity (Rw)
Correlation purposes
Ec1 = K1*log(aw/amf)
K1 : coefficient
aw : activities of formation water
amf : activities of mud-filtrate
Ec2 = K2*log(aw/amf)
K1 : coefficient
aw : activities of formation water
amf : activities of mud-filtrate
- mV +
- + + -
CLAY
CLAY SAND
+ - EF
-
SP = EF + ED
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
SP - Spontaneous Potential Log
Principle : measurements
The current flow depends on the difference between the resistivity of the
formation water (Rw) and that of the mud (Rmud)
Depths
millivolts ohms. m2/m
SP Log 20 0.2 1.0 10 100 1000 2000
Sand line
Shale line
Why it is important?
It is important as to know the exact amount of fluids filling
up this space.
So?
If we know the water saturation, if it is not 100%, the rest
of it could be the hydrocarbon we are chasing for.
grains fluid
Grains settle to the bottom of the
sedimentary basin
some material
Consolidation occurs to form the dissolves and
rock is redeposited
fluid in as cement
pore spaces
unconnected
pore spaces
flow path
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same percentage porosity
V fluid
Pores
V total
Matrix
saturation
V specific fluid
V pore space
Definitions
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg
(1-Sw)
Hydrocarbon
Sw Water
Matrix
Water saturation - Sw
Fraction of the pore volume occupied by formation water
Hence:
Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) :
Sh = (1 Sw)
F = a/ m
I = 1 / Swn
a . Rw a . Rw
Rt = or Swn =
m.Swn m. Rt
cementation factor
Empirical constant
a Rw
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
formation water,
Sw n
-m
Water m
m Cementation
Rt
exponent
saturation,
(usually near 2)
fraction Saturation
exponent
(also usually Resistivity of
near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, -m
Spill Point
H gas
H oil
= Porosity (average for the Net reservoir vol. saturated with HC)
Associated Gas:
Oil : 2 Mb
(0,3 Mm3) 30 Mm3
(GOR = 100)
RF = 0.3
0,8 Mm3
1,3 Mm 3
1,75 Mm3
PHI = 0.25
N/G = 0.7
including
0,24 Mb ( 0,04 Mm3 )
Wet Gas 0,25 Gm 3
Condensate
(8,7 bcf) CGR = 300 g/m3
(GCR = 2600 m3/m3 )
RF = 0.4
RF Gas = 0.75
PHI = 0.25
N/G = 0.7
Depth Measurement
Employes logging cable and
calibrated wheels (1
rotation equal 1 feet)
Two wheels are used for
correction
It is compared to drilling
depth
Azimuthal resistivity
(depth of investigation Gamma ray Transmitter for
12 in. or less) detector wireless telemetry
Measurement and measurement
antenna of current
Shale
Oil sand
Shale
Drill collar
connection
PDC Cutters
Thrust bearing
Outer barrel
Inner barrel
Fluid
vent
Core retaining
ring
Core bit
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Whole Core
Core bullets
Formation rock
Core sample
Coring bit
Samples
E3
E1
T0 E2
50
sec
There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas
The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum
Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such a way as to trap the
petroleum.
Gas
Oil
Cap rock
Water
Reservoir
As the sediments are buried, the clays compact and lose porosity.
Normally, excess fluids from the pores move into the sands and escape to the
surface.
In some situations, however, the fluids cannot escape, and the reservoir
becomes overpressured.
The basic elements of plate tectonics, the rock cycle, geologic time, and
biostratigraphy
Depth
)
x
(s
N DE 10
SO
x
20
x
30
Well logs
Subsurface mapping
Figure 8. Figure 9.
NEUTRON LOG
Figure 3.
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY LOG
Figure 1.
DENSITY LOG ; GAMMA RAY INTERACTION
DENSITY LOG
Electrical pulse adalah analisa dan konversi gamma ray count rate vs
energinya.
The tool transmits an acoustic signal and measures how long it takes to
travel through the formation
R1
R2
R3
R4
Lower
transmitter
Upper Transmitter
Eight Dynamic Range
Receiver Array
Receiver 1
Eight Wideband
Receiver 2 Ceramic Receivers
Receiver 3
Receiver 4
Isolation
Joint
Transmitter Section
1 unit
Vf
Matrix
1/Vbulk = /Vf + (1- )/Vma 1-
Assumption:
t is only influenced by rock matrix and fluid properties
It is true in clean, compacted and consolidated rocks
In uncompacted rocks (t(shale)>100s/ft), it yields too
optimistic porosity
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Sonic Log
Porosity - DT relationship
(Raymer-Hunt)
Empirical formula:
Used tma :
Wyllie Raymer-Hunt
sandstone 55.5 56
limestone 47.5 49
dolomite 43.5 44
Sonic log
Density log
Neutron log
2Z
e = b -------
A
Where, b = actual bulk density
Z = the atomic number
A = the atomic weight
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place
Density Log
Formation ( b)
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Source
Depths
Hole diam. in inches -.25 0 +.25
6 16
Correction
Grams/CC
Gamma ray Bulk Density
API units Grams/CC
0 10 2.0 2.5 3.0
Matrix
ma b) / ( ma f) 1-
ma
Used ma
sandstone 2.65
limestone 2.71
dolomite 2.87
anhydrite 2.98
Note:
Better model than sonic porosity
Possible error due to non-homogenous matrix compositions,
e.g. Sst is not purely silica or Lst is not purely carbonate
Fast neutrons are fired at the formation and lose energy by colliding with hydrogen
atoms as they are similar in size
At each collision the neutron loses some of its energy. The amount
of energy lost depends on the relative mass of the nucleus with which
the neutron collides. It loses more if it collides with hydrogen nucleus
since this last one has practically the same mass.
TRUE TRUE
RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY
Contribution to
the GR signal
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT
SPHEROID SPHEROID
HOLE AXIS
RADIOACTIVE RADIOACTIVE
BED BED
0.1m 0.3m 0.5m
RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION
Region of
Mud Cake
(Rhomc, Hmc) Photoelectric effect
(r and Z information)
Cps / keV
Med Z Region of
Long Spaced Det. High Z Compton
Scattering
(r information only)
Short Spaced Det.
Source Energy
Baryte
662 k eV
Source
E (keV)
Mud Cake
(Rhomc, Hmc)
CNL
Thermal
Source Neutron Source
Dual Detector
(Compensated)
SNP TOOL CNL TOOL
Willy membuat hubungan antara porositas dan interval transit time untuk clean
consolidated formasi dgn pori yang kecil dan uniform/seragam
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
1. Lithologi
3. Fluid Content
B. ANALISA KUANTITATIF
Menentukan parameter-parameter petrofisika batuan : porositas, saturasi air (Sw), Saturasi hidrokarbon.
Log Headers
LOG HEADER DIPERLUKAN UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN INFORMASI YANG
DIPERLUKAN UNTUK MENGHITUNG
SW
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
FRESH WATER
MUD
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
KA P1 P2
Q
L
DETAIL ANALISA LOG ; KOMPLEK LITHOLOGY
DETAIL ANALISA LOG ; KOMPLEK LITHOLOGY
DETAIL ANALISA LOG ; KOMPLEK LITHOLOGY
QUICKLOOK EVALUATION
WORK FLOW
WORK FLOW
REVIEW LOG
Review Kualitas log : chek header, depth,
skala, kalibarsi
Identifikasi interval reservoir yang potensial : bedakan reservoir yang non permeable, Porous non reservoir
dan porous reservoir potensial
PERSAMAAN ARCHIES :
Rt meningkat jika air diganti dgn minyak pada porositas dan litologi yg
sama
Prinsip dasar tsb digunakan untuk membedakan oil dan water zone
dalam reservoir / interval reservoi
Resistivity yg rendah
RHOB & NPHI berimpit atau
dgn separasi yg kecil
HYDROKARBON BEARING
ZONE
Harga resistivity yg cukup
tinggi kecuali pada kasus
low resistivity
Ditunjukkan dgn adanya
anti-correlation antara dgn
density dan resistivity log
Adanya separasi antara
density neutron yg cukup
besar.
IDENTIFIKASI ZONE HIDROKARBON
MEMBEDAKAN ZONE GAS, OIL DAN WATER
MEMBEDAKAN GAS, OIL & WATER
MEMBEDAKAN GAS,
MINYAK DAN AIR
Gas yg ada dalam formasi
menyebabkan apparent
porosity dari density log
naik/meningkat dan
porositas dari neutron log
turun, sehingga akan
menyebabkan separasi yg
besar antara density-neutron
log.
Separasi yg lebih
kecil/rendah
mengindikasikan
zone minyak
PENENTUAN POROSITAS
POROSITAS
Rw dapat
diperoleh dari log
pada zone clean
water bearing
Baca harga
resistivity deep
tool sehingga
diperoleh harga
Ro
Dgn
menggunakan
persamaan
Archies untuk
RESISTIVITY WATER ; RWA SP PLOT
Rw line merupakan Rw yg
ditentukan dari Rw From SP
Rxo/Rt = Rmf/Rw
Dimana :
Sw=Sxo=100 %
Dgn menghitung Rxo/Rt untuk seluruh interval clean, invaded sand dapat
ditentukan harga Rmf/Rw
Rmf dapat diperoleh dari log heading , Rxo dari kurva Rshallow, & Rt dari Kurva
Rdeep
Untuk harga Sw = 50 %
Rt=26
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
KONDISI
CLEAN FORMATION
LUBANG SUMUR YG BAGUS
KONSTAN RW
SIMPLE LITOLOGI
SATURASI AIR (SW)
METODE PENENTUAN WATER SATURATION (SW)
ARCHIES FORMULA
SW RATIO/RESISTIVITY RATIO METHODE
CROSS PLOT METODE
HINGLE RESISTIVITY POROSITY CROSS PLOT
PICKET PLOT
PERBANDINGAN RWA
LOGARITMIC OVERLAY METODE
LOG F LOG RESISTIVITY DEEP
RO OVERLAY & F OVERLAY
RXO/RT OVERLAY
SATURASI AIR ARCHIES(SWA) ; CLEAN FORMATION
SHALY SAND
Tarik garis mulasi dari Rxo/Rt =
Rmf/Rm = 1
PERBANDINGAN SWA DAN SWR
PERBANDINGAN SWA DGN SWR
Koreksi SW
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
Ro=26
Untuk harga =10 %
Rt=4 x 6.5 = 26 ohm-m
Rwa dapat diperoleh dgn mudah dgn membagi deep resistivity dgn
formation faktor yg diperoleh dari porosity log atau kombinasi porosity
log
Pada Perhitungan manual Rwa, log dibagi kedalam interval litologi dan
shaliness
yg konsisten, (SP log dapat digunakan)
RO OVERLAY
Untuk mendapatkan kuva log Ro dapat
dilakukan dgn menggeser Kurva log F
sehingga pada zone water bearing kurva F
berimpit dgn kurva log Rdeep (jika Rw tdk
diketahui)
ASSUMSIKAN n=2
CATATAN :
ARCHIES LAW APLIKATIF HANYA PADA CLEAN SAND
NET SAND
GROSS SAND
NET/GROSS
POROSITAS RATA-RATA
VOLUME CLAY
SATURASI HIDROKARBON & AIR RATA-RATA
KEDALAMAN FLUID CONTACT (OWC, GOC, GWC)
PARAMETER PETROFISIK (ma, Rw, m, n, a, dll)
PERHITUNGAN HCIP
PERHITUNGAN HCIP
SELESAI
Cores
Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties
Provides:
Probe module
Sample module
10 0 10 3 10 6 10 9
DC 20 kHz 2 MHz 10 GHz
Porosity (%)
20
Induction
Preferred
FREQUENCY
Rw = 1 ohm.m-1
Laterolog
FOCUSED ELECTRODE CURRENT INDUCTION
Preferred
Receiver Coil 10
Fair Perm
Seal valves
Very Low Perm
p2 L p1
q
A
Direction of flow
q L L = length
k
A ( p1 p 2 ) q = flow rate
p1, p2 = pressures
R-T Cycle
Scale : 1/2000
25-Jan-2006
TMD
METRES
0
WIRE.GR_1
GAPI
RESEVAL.RES_NAME
150 0.3
WIRE.RT_1
OHMM 30
Stratigraphic Unit
2190.0
B200
B201
Deltaic Cycle
B202
B203
B204
B205
NWP-3_BPN
0a-0
C 100
C 101
NWP-3_BPN
nd
C 105
NWP-3_BPN
C 106
Scale : 1/100
C 108
C 109
C 110
METRES METRES
C 111 1b-a-0
C 112
C 113
WIRE.GR_1 WIRE.RT_1 WIRE.GR_1 WIRE.RT_1 TMD RESEVAL.RES_NAME
METRES
s
C 115
C 116
C 117
3090.0 3080.0 0 GAPI 150 0.3 OHMM 30
e
3a-0
C 118
D144 3110.0 E102
3a-0
C 119
E100
r
1d-0
3100
Reg
C 122
E101
C 123 D145
2500 C 124 3a-1
C 125
E102
1e-0
3a-1
C 126
C 127 E103
C 128
C 129
E104
3a-0
1f-0
C 131
E103
E105 3a-0
C 133 E100
C 134
1g-0 3a-2
C 135 E106
C 136
E107 E101
C 138 E108
C 140
C 141
1h-0
E109 3a-3
C 142
C 143 E102
C 144
E110
C 146
C 147 E111 3a-1
E103
d
C 148
C 149
C 150 E112 3c-0
e tren
C 151
C 152
C 153
2a-0 E113 3120
D 100
E104
D 101
D 102 E104
D 103
D 104
D 105
E114
D 106
D 107 2b-0
iv
D 108
3d-0
D 122
D 125 E121
D 127
D 128
2f-0
E122
3000
D 129
E107
D 131
D 132
3d-1
D 133 2g-0 E123
DD 135
134
D 136
E108 E105
D 137
D 138 E124
D 139
D 140
D 142
3a-3
D 143
D 144
E125 E109
D 145
E100 3a-0
E101
E102 E126
E103
3a-2
E104
E105
E127 3e-0 3130
E106
E107
E108
E110
E109
E110
E111
E112
E113
3c-0 E128
E114
E116
E117
E118
3e-1 E111
E119
E120
3d-0
E130
E121
E122
3c-0
E123
E124
E125 E131 E112
E126
E127 3e-0
E128 E132
E130
E131
3f-0
E132
3f-0
E133
rend
E133
E134 E106
E135 3f-1 E113
E136
3g-0
E134
E137
E138
3f-1
E139
E135
sive t
F101
4a-0
3300
F102
F103 E114
F104 4b-0
F105
F107
E136
F108
F109
F110
F111
F112
3g-0
s
F113
F114
F115
4c-0
E137 3c-1
e
F116
F117 E116
4d-0
r
F118
3140 E107
F119
3g-1
g
F120
E138
F121
F122 E117
Re
F123 4e-0
F124
3500
4f-0
E139
F126
F127
3g-2 E118
4g-0
F131
F132
F133
4h-0
F134
F135
4a-0
F136
E119
F137 4a-0
F138 E108
3d-0
F139 4i-0
F140
F101
E120
3d-0
F143
F147
F148
F149
4j-0
4a-1 5m 3145.0
10 m
F150
F151 4k-0 F102 3210.0
F152 3370.0
F153
F154
F154A
F154B 5a-0
50 m
100 m
TD-DRILLER
TD-LOGGER
3745.5
BARAT TIMUR
GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
RADIOACTIVATION NAr
Neutron energy (eV)
INELASTIC DIFFUSION
2 MeV
ELASTIC DIFFUSION
CAPTURE
NN ep Epithermal neutron-neutron method
GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
1 eV THERMALISATION Thermal neutron activation method
RADIOACTIVATION NAth
NN thThermal neutron activation method
0.025 eV
CAPTURE N
Gamma - neutron method
10 2 Time (s) 10 3 10 4
Generator
B
Spacing
M
O
N
A constant current, i0, is emitted from A0. Through bucking electrodes A1 and A2
the bucking current intensity is adjusted. The potential of M1 and M2, M1 and M2
are made equal. The potential drop is measured. With a constant i0 the potential
varies directly with formation resistivity
2r
Film of liquid
Vapor
wetting the tube
wall
Tension at this
point
Liquid Meniscus
Liquid
Fluid A Angle
Fluid B
Water rising in a tube due to capillarity Solid