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PERMESINAN
KAPAL II
(Minggu 4)
LS 1329 ( 4 SKS)
Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
ITS Surabaya
Combustion
Combustion
Particle diagram equation
C2 + 2O2 2CO2
O O C O
C O
+
C
O O C O
O
Hydrocarbon Oxidation
methane (CH4), the primary constituent of liquefied or
compressed natural gas
n-hexadecane
(C16H34), typical
of diesel fuel
Hydrocarbon Oxidation
If sufficient oxygen is available, a hydrocarbon fuel can be completely
oxidized, the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and the hydrogen
is converted to water (H2O).
The overall chemical equation for the complete combustion of one mole of
propane (C3H8) with oxygen is:
C3 H8 aO2 bCO2 cH 2O
# of moles species
y y y
C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O 3.76 x N 2
4 2 4
The above equation defines the stoichiometric proportions of fuel and air.
Combustion Stoichiometry
The stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is just that
amount needed to completely burn a quality of fuel.
y y
x O
M 3.76 x M N
nM
A / F s mair i i air
4 4
2 2
m fuel ni M i fuel xM C yM H
Substituting the respective molecular weights and dividing top and bottom
by x one gets the following expression that only depends on the ratio of the
number of hydrogen atoms to hydrogen atoms (y/x) in the fuel.
MO2 : 32
y x
1 (32 3.76 * 28) MN2 : 28
A / F s 1 4
( F / A) s 12 y x *1 MC : 12
MH : 1
Example: For Octane (C8H18), y/x = 2.25 (A/F)s = 15.1
Benzene (C8H16), y/x = 2.0 (A/F)s = 14.7
Fuel Lean Mixture
Fuel-air mixtures with more than stoichiometric air (excess air) can burn
Fuel-air mixtures with less than stoichiometric air (excess fuel) can burn.
With less than stoichiometric air you have fuel rich combustion, there is
insufficient oxygen to oxidize all the C and H in the fuel to CO2 and H2O.
y y
C x H y g ( x )(O2 3.76N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O dN2 eCO fH 2
4 2
where for fuel rich mixture have insufficient air g < 1
Off-Stoichiometric Mixtures
The equivalence ratio, f, is commonly used to indicate if a mixture is
stoichiometric, fuel lean, or fuel rich.
A / F s F / Amixture
f
A / F mixture F / As
stoichiometric f = 1
fuel lean f<1
fuel rich f>1
Stoichiometric mixture:
y
C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) Products
4
Off-stoichiometric mixture:
1 y
Cx H y x (O2 3.76N 2 ) Products
f 4
Off-Stoichiometric Conditions
Other terminology used to describe how much air is used in combustion:
110% stoichiometric air = 110% theoretical air = 10% excess air
8
C3 H 8 g (3 )(O2 3.76N 2 ) g 1.1 mixture is fuel lean
4
A / F s 12.5(4.76) / 1
f 0.91
A / F mixture 1.1(12.5)(4.76) / 1
Example
A small stationary gas turbine engine operates at full load (3950 kW) at an
equivalence ratio of 0.286 with an air flow rate of 15.9 kg/s. The equivalent
composition of the fuel is C1.16H4.32. Determine the fuel mass flow rate and
operating air fuel ratio for the engine
Solution
y x 4.32 1.16
1 (32 3 .76 * 28) 1 (32 3.76 * 28)
4
1
A / F s 4
16.85
( F / A) s 12 y x *1 12 4.32 1.16 *1
mair 15.9
m fuel 0.27kg / s
A / F mixture 58.9
Example
A natural gas (methane / CH4) fired industrial boiler operates with an oxygen
concentration of 3 mole percent in the flue gases. Determine the operating air-
fuel ratio and the equivalence ratio.
Solution
3% of O2 in flue gases Fuel lean mixture
If all fuel C is found in CO2 and all fuel H is found in H2O
O balance ; 2a = 2 + 2 + 2b b = a - 2
Mole fraction of O2 NO 2 b a2
O 2
N mix 1 2 b 3.76a 1 4.76a
a2
0.03 a = 2.368
1 4.76a
Air Fuel Ratio
4.76a 28.84
( A / F ) mixture 20.3
1 16
Air Fuel Ratio Stoichiometry
y x 4 1
1 (32 3 .76 * 28) 1 (32 3.76 * 28)
1
A / F s 4 4
17.1
( F / A) s 12 y x *1 12 4 1 *1
Equivalence ratio
A / F s 17.1
f 0.84
A / F mixture 20.3
Example
Determine the operating air-fuel ratio, the
equivalence ratio and the air flow rate, if:
1. O2 Concentration in flue gases is 8 mole
percent on oxidation of 200 kg/h diesel
fuel
Solution 1
O2 Concentration in flue gases is 8 mole percent on oxidation of 200 kg/h diesel
fuel
O balance ; 2a = 32 + 14 + 2b b = a - 23
Mole fraction of O2 NO 2 b a 23
O 2
N mix 16 14 b 3.76a 7 4.76a
a 23
0.08 a = 30.05
7 4.76a
Air Fuel Ratio
4.76a 28.84
( A / F ) mixture 23.74
1 220
Air Fuel Ratio Stoichiometry
y x 28 16
1 (32 3 .76 * 28) 1 (32 3.76 * 28)
1
A / F s 4 4
14.35
( F / A) s 12 y x *1 12 28 16 *1
Equivalence ratio
A / F s 14.35
f 0.604
A / F mixture 23.74
Air flow rate
alcohols
Fuel Energy Air- Specific Heat of
density fuel energy vaporizatio
(MJ/L) ratio (MJ/kg air) n
Gasoline and 32 14.7 2.9 0.36 MJ/kg
biogasoline
Butanol fuel 29.2 11.2 3.2 0.43 MJ/kg
Ethanol fuel 19.6 9.0 3.0 0.92 MJ/kg
Methanol 16 6.5 3.1 1.2 MJ/kg
Heat of Formation
Heat of Formation for 1 Bar and 298.15 K
Heat Transfer in a Chemically Reacting Flow
Example
Example
Combustion Flame Temperature
Example
Heat Combustion and Heating Value
Example