Related Samples T Test Lecture

T Test
For 2 Related Samples
Introduction to
Biostatistical Analysis
2017
Goals
Introduce T test for 2 related samples
Present theory and formulae for related
samples T test
Obtain T test statistic from 2 related samples
Compare to IS T test
Use SPSS to perform T test on data for 2
related samples
T Test
for 2 related samples
T test for related samples are
similar to other T tests
Measures
Difference score in the numerator
Variability or Error in the denominator
T Test
General T test Formula

T= sample mean population
mean / estimated error
Single sample T test

t=M-mu/SM
T Test
Independent Sample T test
Sample Population
mean difference - mean difference
________________________________
Estimated Standard Error
t= (M1-M2) (1- 2) / SE (M1-M2)

T Test
T test for 2 related samples

Repeat measure design (our focus)
Individual is measured more than once on
same variable
Eg. Before and after training, medication
Matched subjects design

Match subjects so they are nearly equal on a
variable
T Test
T test for 2 related samples

Similar structure to Single Sample T test
Based on the difference between scores,

not the raw scores
Null Hypothesis - difference for the

population is Zero
T Test
T test for 2 related samples - Formula

t=MD D / SMD
MD = Mean differences of the sample

D = Population mean differences
Zero, as in One sample and IS T test
SMD= Estimated Standard Error of the
means of differences
T Test
T test for 2 related samples - Formula

t=MD D / SMD
Estimated Standard Error = SMD = s / n
s2 = SS / n-1 (Compute Variance)
s=SS / df
(Same as for one sample T test)
DMean 2
(D-M)
1 1
5 25
-4 16
-1 1
1 1
-3 9
1 1
54
df = n-1 = 5-1 = 4
Time after viewing a feared object before anxiety.

T Test
t=MD D / SMD
S2 = SS / n-1 = 54/6 = 9
SMD = s2 / n
SMD = 9/7
SMD = 1.28
SMD = 1.134
t=MD D / SMD
t= 8 0 / 1.134 = 7.05
T Test
Locate critical region T df=6, alpha 0.05

T table page 729
T=2.447
Make a decision
T for our sample is 7.05
Do we reject the Null Hypothesis??
T Test
Why used paired samples?

T Test
Why used paired samples?

??????????????????????????????
Will analyze same data set 2 ways

Paired or related sample T test
Compare results
T Test
Will analyze same data

Compute IS t statistic
t= (M1-M2)-(1 2) / S (M1-M2)
T Test for 2 related samples
Why we use paired samples example.
Why we use paired samples
IS T test example.
Treat 1 Treat 2
X-M X-M2 X-M X-M2
18 -8 64 15 -6 36
27 1 1 20 -1 1
33 7 49 28 7 49
Sum 78 SS =114 63 SS=86
Mean 26 21
IS T test example.
Sum Squared Difference SS1=114 SS2=86

Means M1=26 M2=21
Df=N-1 Df1=2 Df2=2
Compute Pooled Variance
S2 P =Pooled Variance = SS1 + SS2 / Df1 + Df2
=114+86 / 4
S2 P = 200 / 4 = 50
IS T test example.
Sum Squared Difference SS1=114 SS2=86

Means M1=26 M2=21
Df=N-1 Df1=2 Df2=2
S2 P = 50
Compute Standard Error (use pooled variance)
S (M1-M2) = S2 P / N1 + S2 P / N2
= 50/3 + 50/3 = 16.67 + 16.67 = 33.333
S (M -M ) = 33.333 = 5.77
IS T test example.
Means M1=26 M2=21

Standard error = S (M1-M2) = 5.77
t= (M1-M2)-(1 2) / S (M1-M2)
t = (26-21) (0) / 5.77
= 5 / 5.77
t = 0.866
IS T test example.
T= 0.866
Is t in critical region? For Df=4, alpha 0.05
IS T test example.
IS T test example.
T= 0.866
Is t in critical region? For Df=4, alpha 0.05
??????????????????????????????????????????
Repeat measures T test example.
Treat 1 Treat 2 D D-Mean

18 15 -3 2
27 20 -7 -2
33 28 -5 0
Sum D -15
Mean D = -5
Treat 1 Treat 2 D D-Mean D-Mean 2
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0
Sum D = -15;
Mean D = Sum D/n = -15/3 =-5
SS = D2 (D)2 /n
= 83 - 225 /3
SS = 83 - 75 = 8
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0
Sum D -15 Mean D -5 SS = 8

Df = n-1 = 3-1 = 2
Compute the Variance

S2 = SS/n-1
S2 = 8/2 = 4
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0

Df = 2 S2 = 4
Compute the Standard Error

SMD = S2 / N
SMD =4 / 3 =1.33333 = 1.1547
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0
Df = 2 S2 = 4 SMD=1.1547
Compute the Paired T statistic
T = MD D / SMD
T = -5 0 / 1.1547 = -5/1.1547
T = -4.33
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0

Df = 2 S2 = 4 SMD=1.1547
Determine critical value for alpha 0.05, Df 2

IS T test example.
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0
Df = 2 S2 = 4 SMD=1.1547

Critical value, T table page 729 is 4.303
Our T value is -4.33.
Should we reject the null hypothesis?
18 15 -3 2 4
27 20 -7 -2 4
33 28 -5 0 0
Df = 2 S2 = 4 SMD=1.1547

Critical value, T table page 729 is 4.303
Our T value is (-4.33).
Should we reject the null hypothesis??????????????
T Test
The T statistic was larger for the Paired T test
than for the Independent sample T test
using the same data WHY?
A) The Difference between the means
(numerator) was larger for Paired T test
B) The Variance and therefore the Standard error

(denominator) was smaller for Paired T test
C) I am not sure, lets review the calculations

T Test
t= (M1-M2)-(1 2) / S (M1-M2)
t = (26-21) (0) / 5.77
t = 5 / 5.77
t = 0.866
Compute the Paired T statistic
T = MD D / SMD
T = -5 0 / 1.1547
T = -5/1.1547
T = -4.33
T Test
The T statistic was larger for the Paired
T test than for the Independent sample
T test using the same data WHY?
???????????????????????????????????
T Test
Assumptions of Related samples T test
Observations within each treatment
condition must be independent
Population of difference scores must be
normal (may be ignored if N > 30)
T Test
Time factors and order effects
Factors other than treatment can impact scores
In repeat measures one measure occurs after
another
Changes in health, mood, weather
can impact one and not the other score
T Test
Order effects
Participating in first treatment can impact second
score, like fatigue or learning
Counterbalancing
To deal with time factor and order effects
Divide into 2 groups
Group 1 gets Rx 1 first and Rx2 second
Group 2 gets Rx 2 first and Rx1 second
If Strong time or order effects anticipated
Dont use repeat measures design
T Test
T Test Assumptions - Review
Observations within each treatment are

Independent
Population of Difference scores are Normal

T Test
?
T Test
T Test Formulas
T Test Difference Standard error of DF
Between Means the difference
Independent MeanA MeanB SD pooled / N N1+N2 -2
Samples
Paired Mean difference SD mean diff / N N -1

(pre-post) / N (N = # pairs)
One Sample Xmean - SD sample / N N-1

T Test
Lets move to the SPSS homework
example

Related Samples T Test Lecture

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T Test

For 2 Related Samples

General T test Formula

Single sample T test

Independent Sample T test

t= (M1-M2) (1- 2) / SE (M1-M2)

T test for 2 related samples

Matched subjects design

T test for 2 related samples

Based on the difference between scores,

Null Hypothesis - difference for the

T test for 2 related samples - Formula

MD = Mean differences of the sample

T test for 2 related samples - Formula

Estimated Standard Error = SMD = s / n

s2 = SS / n-1 (Compute Variance)

Time after viewing a feared object before anxiety.

Locate critical region T df=6, alpha 0.05

Why used paired samples?

Why used paired samples?

Will analyze same data set 2 ways

Independent Sample T test

Will analyze same data

Sum Squared Difference SS1=114 SS2=86

Sum Squared Difference SS1=114 SS2=86

Means M1=26 M2=21

Treat 1 Treat 2 D D-Mean

Sum D -15 Mean D -5 SS = 8

Compute the Variance

Sum D -15 Mean D -5 SS = 8

Compute the Standard Error

Compute the Paired T statistic

Sum D -15 Mean D -5 SS = 8

Determine critical value for alpha 0.05, Df 2

Determine critical value for alpha 0.05, Df 2

Determine critical value for alpha 0.05, Df 2

B) The Variance and therefore the Standard error

C) I am not sure, lets review the calculations

Observations within each treatment are

Population of Difference scores are Normal

Paired Mean difference SD mean diff / N N -1

One Sample Xmean - SD sample / N N-1

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