Lecture-3

Structural solids: Crystallinity;

Crystal system/structure/lattice,
crystallographic indexing

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 Today's Agenda

Structural solids: Crystallinity in metals,

semiconductors and polymers
Crystal system/structure/lattice,
crystallographic indexing of planes and
directions

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 Crystal structure
Crystal structure is a unique arrangement
of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.
A crystal structure is composed of a pattern, a set of
atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice
exhibiting long-range order and symmetry.

Patterns are located upon the points of a lattice, which

is an array of points repeating periodically in three
dimensions. The points can be thought of as forming
identical tiny boxes, called unit cells, that fill the space
of the lattice.

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 Crystal structure

The lengths of the edges of a

unit cell and the angles
between them are called
the lattice parameters.

A crystal's structure and

symmetry play a role in
determining many of its
physical properties, such
The diamond crystal
as electronic band structure, structure
and optical transparency.
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 Unit cell
The crystal structure of a material (the
arrangement of atoms within a given type of
crystal) can be described in terms of its unit
cell. The unit cell is a small box containing one
or more atoms arranged in 3-dimension.

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 7 Lattice systems
Triclininc
Monoclinic
Orthorombic
Rhombohedral
Tetragonal
Hexagonal
Cubic

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Crystallographic Points, Directions, and
Planes.
Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes.

Points
atomic positions
Vectors
defines a particular direction - plane normal
Miller Indices
defines a particular plane relation to diffraction
3-index for cubic

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Crystallographic Points, Directions, and
Planes.

All periodic unit

cells may be
described via
these vectors
and angles, if and
only if a, b, and c
define axes of a
3D coordinate
system. 8
Crystallographic Points

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Crystallographic Planes.

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Metals crystal structure

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 Metals crystal structure
Metal crystal structure and specific metal
properties are determined by metallic bonding
force, holding together the atoms of a metal.

Each of the atoms of the metal contributes

its valence electrons to the crystal lattice,
forming an electron cloud or electron gas,
surrounding positive metal ions. These free
electrons belong to the whole metal crystal.

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 Metals crystal structure
Ability of the valence free electrons to travel
throughout the solid explains both the high
electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity
of metals.

Other specific metal features are:

luster or shine of their surface (when polished)
malleability (ability to be hammered)
ductility (ability to be drawn).

These properties are also associated with the metallic

bonding and presence of free electrons in the crystal lattice.

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 Polymer crystallinity
Properties of textile fibers are determined by
their chemical structure degree of
polymerization, orientation of chain
molecules, crystallinity, package density and
cross linking between individual molecules.
Polymer crystallinity is one of the important
properties of all polymers. Polymer exists both
in crystalline and amorphous form.

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 Polymer crystallinity

Fig 1. Shows the arrangement of polymer chain forming

crystalline and amorphous regions. It can be seen that part
of molecules are arranged in regular order, these regions
are called crystalline regions. In between these ordered
regions molecules are arranged in random disorganized
state and these are called amorphous regions.

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 Polymer crystallinity
Crystallinity influences many of the polymer
properties some of there are
Hardness
Modulus
Tensile,
Stiffness
Crease
Melting Point

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 Crystallinity in Semiconductors

A defect-free silicon crystal would be of little use

in modern electronics; the use of silicon in
devices is dependent upon small concentrations
of chemical impurities such as phosphorus and
arsenic which give it desired electronic
properties.

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 Thats enough for today!!!

Query?
Questions??
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