You are on page 1of 75

Limericks by Toni Hayes

Paracelsus
Paracelsus was so grandiose
And perhaps just a little bit gross
Manure, blood, and sand
and thus you create man
But what makes it a poison is dose!
The Undecided Dose
Too much of a thing makes you blue
But not having it can kill you too
Too much or too little
Let's not be so fickle
We'll go Dutch and divide it by two.
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Welcome !!

A Small Dose of Toxicology

Introduction to the Health


Effects of Chemicals

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT


www.asmalldoseof.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology
www.toxipedia.org Intro Principles of Toxicology
Objective
Increase our understanding
of how chemicals affect
human health.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Logistics

Course evaluation Very important

Other stuff!!!

Ask questions Talk to me!!!

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Thanks to Organizers

Special Thank you to:

Those that really make this


happen

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


A Small Dose of Toxicology
9:00 Welcome to A Small Dose of Toxicology
9:10 An Introduction to Principles of Toxicology
10:30 Break
10:45 Non-Cancer and Neurotoxicology
11:45 Q&A Basic toxic All
12:00 Lunch on your own
1:00 Case Study: Health Effects of Lead
2:00 An Intro to Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology
2:45 Break
3:00 Pollution in People - Biomonitoring
3:30 Precautionary Assessment Beyond Risk Assessment
4:15 Questions and Answers All
4:30 Adjourn
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology

An Introduction to the
Principles of Toxicology
How Chemicals Affect Your Health

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT


www.asmalldoseof.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology
www.toxipedia.org Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology

See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose


A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Small Dose of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Milestones of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


www.toxipedia.org
A free toxicology encyclopedia and
resource center that anyone can edit.
Toxipedia provides comprehensive,
accurate, and scientifically based
information on the hazards and risks of
chemical and physical agents, with the goal
of advancing human and environmental
health. Toxipedia

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Healthy World Theater

Coupling art and science


to forge a more healthy
and peaceful world

Healthy World Theater reaches to the heart


to promote awareness and understanding
through the arts to create a more healthy
and peaceful world so that all creatures may
reach, maintain, and enjoy their potential.

www.healthyworldtheater.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Healthy World Theater

HWT Lyceum Sept. 29th Seattle, WA


www.healthyworldtheater.org

Coupling art and science to forge a


more healthy and peaceful world
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
NW Public Health

Public Health and


the Precautionary
Principle
By Steven G. Gilbert

See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/
nwph
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Child Health

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


So Many Chemicals so Little Data
2863 above 1 Million pounds
12 or 0.4%
good data 21.4% some
data

78.2% no data
www.preventingharm.org
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
The Consequences

Nearly 12 million children (17%)


under age 18 in the US suffer
from one or more developmental
disabilities
Learning disabilities 5-10% of
kids in public school
ADHD 3-6% of all school kids,
maybe higher

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Toxicology Definitions

The study of poisons


or
the adverse effects of chemical and
physical agents on living
organisms.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Ancient Awareness

399 BC Death of Socrates by Hemlock


Socrates was charged with religious heresy
and corrupting the morals of local youth.
The active chemical used was the alkaloid
coniine which, when ingested causes
paralysis, convulsions and potentially death.

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Historical Awareness

From Romeo and Juliet - act 5


Come bitter pilot, now at once run on
The dashing rocks thy seasick weary bark!
Heres to my love! O true apothecary!
Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die.

Shakespeare (1564-1616)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Human & Environmental Health

Conditions that ensure that


all living things have the
best opportunity to reach
and maintain their full
genetic potential.
Steven G. Gilbert, 1999

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


What do these have in common?

Hong Kong
Princess Diana
Ambassador to Mexico
Coeur dAlene, Silver Valley, ID
Tacoma
$100 Billion, $65 Billion
Food, noise, dust
11,000 to 689,000 Children

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Who are these white guys?

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Power To Discover The Truth

It is not the truth that makes you


free. It is your possession of the
power to discover the truth. Our
dilemma is that we do not know
how to provide that power.
Richard Lewontin
(New York Review of Books, Jan 7, 1997)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


What Is This?
O
CH3
CH3
N
N 7
1

3
O N
N
CH3
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Key Words

Dose / Response
Risk =
Hazard X Exposure
Individual Sensitivity
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Paracelsus

All substances are poisons;


there is none which is not a
poison.
The right dose differentiates
a poison from a remedy.

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


An Individual View

The sensitivity of the individual


differentiates a poison from a remedy.
The fundamental principle of toxicology
is the individuals response to a dose.

S. G. Gilbert (1997)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Superman
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Thalidomide
Introduced in 1956 as
sedative (sleeping pill) and to
reduce nausea and vomiting
during pregnancy
Withdrawn in 1961

Discovered to be a human teratogen


causing absence of limbs or limb
malformations in newborns
5000 to 7000 infants effected
Resulted in new drug testing rules

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


What Is This?

H H

H C C OH

H H
(CH3-CH2-
A Small Dose of Toxicology OH) Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
FASAChild
Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Mouse Scanning EM

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


FAS & FAE

Most common preventable cause of


adverse CNS development

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)


4,000-12,000 infants per year in US

Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)


7,000-36,000 infants per year in US
1 to 3 infants per 1,000 world wide??

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Policy Approaches
1981 - U.S. Surgeon General first advised that
women should not drink alcoholic beverages
during pregnancy.

1988 - U.S. requires warning labels on all


alcoholic beverages sold in the United States.

1990 - U.S. Dietary Guidelines state that women


who are pregnant or planning to become
pregnant should not drink alcohol.

1998 - 19 states require the posting of alcohol


health warning signs where alcoholic beverages
are sold
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
A Small Dose of Lead

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Lead In Homes

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Lead History

Lead Makes the Mind


Give Way

Greek 2nd BC

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Lead - Absorption

Orally Consumed Lead Absorbed


In Place of Calcium

CHILDREN 30-50% OF LEAD


ADULTS 5-10% OF LEAD

Increased During Pregnancy


A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Children Vulnerability

CHILDREN are more vulnerable


exposure than ADULTS

Size
Consume More Food
Inhale More Air
Developing Nervous System
Increased need for Calcium

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Agency Blood Lead Levels
Acceptable Childhood Blood Lead Levels
60
60
Blood Lead (ug/dl)

50
40
40
30
30 25
20
20
15
10
10
2
0
CDC CDC CDC CDC WHO EPA CDC CDC
1960 1973 1975 1985 1986 1986 1990 2006?
Agency and Year

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


A Small Dose of Mercury

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


The Mercury Cycle

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


WA State Advisory

Limit the amount of canned tuna you


eat, based on your bodyweight.
Guidelines are: Women of childbearing age should limit the amount
of canned tuna they eat to about one can per week (six ounces.) A
woman who weighs less than 135 pounds should eat less than one
can of tuna per week. Children under six should eat less than one
half a can of tuna (three ounces) per week. Specific weekly limits for
children under six range from one ounce for a twenty pound child,
to three ounces for a child weighing about sixty pounds.

http://www.doh.wa.gov/fish/FishAdvMercury.htm
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Structure of PBDEs

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether


O

Brx Br
y
X & Y are number of Bromine atoms
Common Penta, Octa, and Deca

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


PBDEs in House Dust (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants Contaminate American Homes - http://www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php


A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
PBDEs in Breast Milk (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants in Breast Milk from American Mothers - http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
PBDEs In Milk Fat
PBDE in milk fat - Puget Sound mothers

175 156
150
126
ppb in Milk Fat

125 117

100
75 56
50
50
26
25 13 13 13

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample Number

(adapted from Northwest Environmental Watch, 2004)


A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Pollution in People

http://www.pollutioninpeople.org/

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Key Words

Dose / Response
Risk =
Hazard X Exposure
Individual Sensitivity
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Effects of Amount on Response

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Effects of Size on Response

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Glasses of Wine - Dose Response

All Effected
100
% Difficulty Walking

75

50
Amount half
are effected
25
NO Effect

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Glasses of Wine

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Dose Response Function
All Effected
100
% Response

75

50 Half Effected

25 NO Effect

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dose (mg/kg body weight)
Increasing dose

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Agent LD-50 (mg/kg)
Ethyl alcohol 10,000
Salt (sodium chloride) 4,000
Iron (Ferrous sulfate) 1,500
Morphine 900
Mothballs 500
(paradichlorobenzene)
Aspirin 250
DDT 250
Cyanide 10
Nicotine 1
Tetrodotoxin (from fish) 0.01
Dioxin (TCDD) 0.001
Botulinum Toxin 0.00001
Bee Venom ??
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Exposure & Absorption

Route of exposure
1) Skin (dermal)
2) Lung (inhalation)
3) Oral (gut)

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Frequency Of Exposure

Number of Times
Time Between
4 Beers in an hour or
4 Beers in 4 Days

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Duration Of Exposure

Acute Exposure
Sub-chronic Exposure
Chronic Exposure

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Distribution

Where It Goes
(body water, fat, bone)

Where It Accumulates

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Metabolism

How The Body Breaks It Down

What It Turns Into

How Fast It Does It

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Caffeine - 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine

O
CH3
CH3
N
N 7
1

3 N
O N
CH3
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Half-life
How Long It Takes To Go
Concentration (g/ml)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (hrs)
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Susceptibility & Variability

Young or Old
Male or Female
Individual Variability
Genetics Differences
Species Differences

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


What Is This?
CH3
N
N

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


The Potential of Children

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Principles of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Additional Information

A Small Dose of Toxicology


www.asmalldoseof.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Authorship Information

This presentation is supplement to


A Small Dose of Toxicology

For Additional Information Contact


Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT
E-mail: smdose@asmalldoseof.org
Web: www.asmalldoseof.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Pesticide Application

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Classes Of Pesticides

Insecticides (kill insects)


Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Herbicides (kill plants)
Rodenticides (kill rodents)
Fungicides (kill fungus)
Fumigants (kill whatever)
A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology
Other Exposure

Dietary exposure
Pesticide residues on crops, dust
hand to mouth
Community exposure
Airborne drift from commercial app
Contaminated drinking water
Leaching from soils to ground water

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology


Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Focus long-term prevention of pest


problems
Reduce or eliminate chemical pest
control methods
Monitor for the presence of pests before
treating
Nonchemical strategies (make habitat
less attractive, physical controls)
Learn about your pests

A Small Dose of Toxicology Intro Principles of Toxicology

You might also like