2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Studying management history helps your
conceptual skills
Social forces aspects of a culture that
guide and influence relationships among
people
Political forces influence of political and
legal institutions on people and
organizations
Economic forces the availability,
production, and distribution of resources

2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 Emerged during the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries
Rise of the factory system
Issues regarding structure, training, and
employee satisfaction
Large, complex organizations required new
approaches to coordination and control

2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 Three subfields:
Scientific management
Bureaucratic organizations
Administrative principles

2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 Improve efficiency and labor productivity
through scientific methods
Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that
workers could be retooled like machines
Management decisions would be based on
precise procedures based on study

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 Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart to
measure and plan work
The Gilbreths pioneered time and motion
studies to promote efficiency

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 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 Max Weber, a German theorist, introduced
the concepts
Manage organizations on impersonal,
rational basis
Organization depends on rules and records

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 Managers use power instead of personality
to delegate

Although important productivity gains

come from this foundation, bureaucracy
has taken on a negative tone

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 Focused on the entire organization
Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer, was
a major contributor
14 general principles of management;
many still used today:
Unity of command
Division of work
Unity of direction
Scalar chain

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 Identified five functions of management:
Planning
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
Controlling

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 Understand human behaviors, needs, and
attitudes in the workplace
Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard
Contrast to scientific management -
Importance of people rather than
engineering techniques

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 Empowerment: facilitating instead of
controlling
Recognition of the informal organization
Introduced acceptance theory of authority

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 Effective control comes from within the
employee
Hawthorne studies were key contributor
Human relations played key variable in
increasing performance
Employees performed better when
managers treated them positively
Strongly shaped management practice and
research
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 From worker participation and considerate
leadership to managing work performance
Combine motivation with job design
Maslow and McGregor extended and
challenged current theories
Maslows Hierarchy
Theory X and Theory Y

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 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 Scientific methods + sociology, psychology,
anthropology, economics to develop
theories about human behavior and
interaction in an organizational setting
Organizational development field that
uses behavioral sciences to improve
organization

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 Other strategies based on behavioral
science:
Matrix organizations
Self-managed teams
Corporate culture
Management by wandering around

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 Also referred to as management science
Use of mathematics and statistics to aid
management decision making
Enhanced by development and perfection
of the computer
Operations management focuses on the
physical production of goods and services

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 Information technology focuses on
technology and software to aid managers
Quants financial managers who base their
decisions on complex quantitative analysis

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 The ability to see the distinct elements of a
situation as well as the complexities
System set of interrelated parts that function
as a whole to achieve a common purpose
Subsystems are parts of the system that are
all interconnected
Synergy the whole is greater than the sum of
its parts
Managers must understand subsystem
interdependence and synergy
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 Every situation is unique
Managers must determine what method
will work
Managers must identify key contingencies
for the current situation
Organizational structure should depend
upon industry and other variables

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 Quality movement is strongly associated
with Japan
The U.S. ignored the ideas of W. Edwards
Deming, Father of the Quality Movement
Total Quality Management (TQM) became
popular in the 1980s and 1990s
Integrate high-quality values in every
activity

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 Employee involvement

Focus on the customer

Benchmarking

Continuous improvement

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 Management ideas trace their roots to
historical perspectives
New ideas continue to emerge to meet the
changing needs and difficult times
The shelf life of trends is getting shorter and
new ideas peak in fewer than three years

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 Social media programs Company online
community pages, social media sites,
microblogging platforms and online forums
Customer relationship management
technology used to build relationships with
customers
Outsourcing contracting functions or
activities to other organizations to cut costs
Supply chain management managing
supplier and purchaser relationships to get
goods to consumers
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