Lights, Camera, Action!

Group 1

While you are walking in

the street, you saw a person
experiencing epilepsy.
 Group 2

You have new classmates

in your classroom which
have difficulty in solving
math problems.
 Group 3

Your classmate is
worried in paying full
in his/her tuition fee.
 Group 4

Your best friend is

experiencing a heart
ache because of his
boyfriend.
 Group 5

Your cousin went to

school without eating
her breakfast because
they dont have rice.
Letter in Number
Mechanics of the Game:

1.Write the letter that correspond each

number to create a word.
2. Group who can guess the word in a
short period of time wins.
A B C D E F G H I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

J K L M N O P Q R

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

S T U V W X Y Z

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
12+15+22+5+9+19+7+9+2
2+5+1+14+4+20+1+11+5
Love is give and take
12+5+20+21+19+20+18+25+20+15
+20+5+1+3+8+7+5+14+5+18+15+
19+9+20+25+1+14+4+1+12+20+1
8+21+9+13+2+5+3+1+21+19+5+2
3+3+1+18+5+2+15+18+14+19+5+
12+6+9+19+8
 Let us try to teach generosity
and altruism because we are born
selfish
19+13+1+12+12+3+8+1+
14+7+5+19+3+1+14+13+
1+11+5+1+2+9+7+4+9+6
+6+5+18+5+14+3+5
 Small changes can make
a big differences
Altruism and other altruistic
behavior
 Altruism.
Altruism refers to an individual acting in a way that will
decrease its own survival chances, but improve the survival
chances of another individual.
The Darwinian perspective emphasising survival of the
fittest gave the impression that selfishness was the norm.
Pioneering work involving the study of animals living in
social groups in fact revealed that co-operation and
altruism are just as natural as selfishness.
If co-operation and altruism have evolved, then they must
have some adaptive benefits, researchers have analysed
the conditions under which adaptations for engaging in
such behaviour can be expected to evolve.
 Examples of Animal Altruism.
Vampire bats will regurgitate and
feed blood that they have
collected from their prey to a
hungry conspecific (Wilkinson,
1990).
In many species of social insects,
workers forgo reproduction
entirely (they are sterile) in order
to help raise their sisters (Wilson,
1971).

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ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK5bb6y_HUAhX
Kq5QKHdoUB-
AQ_AUIBigB&biw=1024&bih=623#tbm=isch&q=vampi
re+bats+feeding&imgrc=_
 Theories of Altruism.
1. Kin Selection (Proposed by Hamilton, 1964).
By helping relatives to reproduce (even at the cost to your
own reproductive success) then your shared genes can
spread. Assisting a close relative thereby increases ones
Inclusive Fitness.
Using mathematical modelling, Hamilton showed that an
altruistic gene can spread through the population if it
causes an individual to help a relative, whenever the cost to
the individual is offset by the reproductive benefit gained
by the receiver.
Hamiltons Rule = r B>c
where r=coefficient of relatedness, B = benefit to the
recipient, c = cost to the giver.
 Examples of Kin Selection.

Ground squirrels do not give an alarm call every time a

predator approaches. They only do so when there is a large
proportion of their relatives within earshot (Sherman,
1977).
Vampire bats are much more likely to share their food with
relatives than with non-relatives (Wilkinson, 1990).
This theory explained the most puzzling phenomena - that
of the sterile insects - by a genetic quirk they are more
related to their sisters than to their mothers or daughters
(Trivers & Hare, 1976).
 Kin Selection in Humans.
Studies amongst diverse human populations consistently
support the existence of kin selection, some examples
(cited in Barrett et al., 2002) are as follows:

Food sharing is more common amongst close relatives.

Political alliances between kin are more stable than those
formed between distantly related, or unrelated individuals
and involve less preconditions.
Relatives typically receive more expensive grants.
 Reciprocal Altruism.
Proposed by Trivers (1971).
Natural Selection may create psychological mechanisms
designed to deliver benefits even to non-relatives, provided
that such actions lead to reciprocal beneficial actions in the
future.
you scratch my back and Ill scratch your.

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AQ_AUIBigB&biw=1024&bih=623#tbm=isch&q=grooming+of+japanese+macaques
 Altruism between Unrelated
Individulas/Reciprocal Altruism.
Altruism between unrelated individuals or the reciprocal altruism
proposed by Trivers (1971). Not all acts of altruism are directed to
close relatives.
Natural Selection may create psychological mechanisms designed
to deliver benefits even to non-relatives, provided that such
actions lead to reciprocal beneficial actions in the future where the
scenario is You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours, is an easy
to understand maxim.
 Indirect Reciprocation.
Trivers (1971) argued that an altruistic act need not
necessarily be reciprocated by the person directly assisted
but can be returned indirectly from other individuals.
E.g if you advertise yourself as an altruist then individuals
will be more favourably inclined to deal with you in future
social exchange situations.
This may explain blood donation, giving to beggars, and
donating to charities.
It had been claimed that such actions indicate that human
behaviour is immune form evolutionary analysis and
demonstrates a pure form of altruism.
Alexander (1987) suggested that giving blood is a very
good way of demonstrating your altruism at only a modest
cost.
Evidence for Indirect Reciprocation.
We would maybe predict that individuals will not donate
blood or give to charity unless their actions are made
known i.e. by wearing a sticker or badge indicating their
actions.
Low & Heinen (cited in Alcock, 1993) reported that
students are significantly more likely to give to charity if
they receive a pin or tag that advertises their participation.
Mulcahy (1999) observed who gave money to beggars and
then interviewed mixed-sex couples after the male had
donated money.
Males at the early stage of a relationship were more likely
to give than those in a long-established relationship.
Thus the act of giving when accompanied by a female is not
simply to do with impressing a current partner, but
demonstrating one's generosity to a potential partner.