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Networks
A group of two or more computer systems linked
together is network.
Used to connect computers and computer equipment in
a building, around the country, across the world, to
enable electronic communications.
following characteristics are used to categorize different types of networks:
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Almost everything in the world can be described or
represented in one of two forms: analog or digital.
The principal feature of analog representations is
that they are continuous.
In contrast, digital representations consist of values
measured at discrete intervals.
Analog and Digital Signals
In a communication system, data are propagated from one
point to another by means of electromagnetic signals.
Signal generated by the transmitter.
Analog signal
Propagated over a variety of media: wire, fiber optic, space
Continuously varying according to the source information
Speech bandwidth: 100Hz to 7kHz
Video bandwidth: 4MHz
Digital signal
A sequence of voltage pulses
Almost unlimited bandwidth
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Analog Transmission
Analog transmission is a means of transmitting analog signals
without regard to their content.
The signals may represent analog or digital data.
In either case, the analog signal will become weaker after a certain
distance.
Therefore, the analog transmission system includes amplifiers to boost
the energy in the signal.
Unfortunately, the amplifier also amplifies noise.
With amplifiers cascaded to achieve long distances, the signal becomes
more and more distorted.
For analog data such a voice, quite a bit of distortion can be tolerated and the
data remain intelligible.
Digital Transmission
Digital transmission is concerned with the content of the
signal.
It can use digital signal, or analog signal.
Repeaters are used instead of amplifiers
A repeater receives the signal, recovers the pattern of 1s and
0s, regenerates the signal, and retransmits the signal.
Amplifiers cannot do this, as the signal has no meaning of 0
or 1
Attenuation is overcome, noise is not cumulative.
Modem
Modem
Acronym for modulator-demodulator.
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer
to transmit data over telephone lines.
Computer information is stored digitally, whereas
information transmitted over telephone lines is
transmitted in the form of analog waves.
A modem converts between these two forms.
Modulates a digital signal into an analog signal for
transmission via analog medium, then demodulates the
signal into digital for receiving.
Hub
A hub is the connection point in a computer device
where data from many directions converge and are
then sent out in many directions to respective devices.
A hub may also act as a switch by preventing specific
data packets from proceeding to a destination.
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
A communications device that multiplexes (combines) several signals
for transmission over a single medium communications medium at
the same time.
Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of information on
a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal
and then recovering the separate signals at the receiving end.
A demultiplexer completes the process by separating
multiplexed signals from a transmission line.
Frequently a multiplexer and demultiplexer are combined into a
single device capable of processing both outgoing and
incoming signals.
A multiplexor is sometimes called a mux.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)