1.

Vian Adi Rahayu (4301415030)

2. Masya Marchelina Natasukma (4301415031)
3. Wifqul Laili (4301415060)
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Equipment: Materials:
10 mL volumetric flask
Volumetric Pipette 2 mL, 5 mL,
10 mL
100 mL, 250 mL beaker,
Dropping pipette
Stirring bar
Spray bottle
Spectrophotometer
Spectronic 20
WORK INSTRUCTION
Solution A
Solution of Cu2+ 0.1 M
[Dissolving 2.4968 g of CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water until the volume 100
mL]

Observing the absorbance

Solution B:
2+
using a Spectrophotometer
Cu in the solution of NH3 (50:50) Comparing the
Spectronic 20 or
[5 mL of 0.1 M solution of Cu2+ in 10 maximum
Spectrophotometer UV-Vis
mL volumetric flask diluted with 1 M wavelength
at a wavelength of 550-700
NH3 solution]
nm with 10 nm interval

Solution C:
Cu2+ in the solution of NH3 (25:75)
[2.5 mL of 0.1 M solution of Cu2+ in
10 mL volumetric flask diluted with 1
M NH3 solution]
 OBSERVATION DATA
Absorbance Cu2+ Absorbance Cu2+ 18. 680 0,502 1,083 0,881
No () Absorbance
(50 water : 50 (25 water : 75
. Cu2+ (water)
ammonia) ammonia) 19. 690 0,579 1,017 0,830
1. 550 0,032 1,019 0,871
20. 700 0,657 0,950 0,777
2. 560 0,039 1,143 0,966
3. 570 0,047 1,247 1,043 21. 710 0,738
4. 580 0,061 1,331 1,104
5. 590 0,079 1,319 1,093 22. 720 0,818
6. 600 0,099 1,344 1,110
23. 730 0,891
7. 602 1,347 1,109
8. 604 1,351 1,113 24. 740 0,957
9. 606 1,353 1,112
25. 750 1,016
10. 608 1,354 1,114
26. 760 1,067
11. 610 0,126 1,355 1,113
27. 770 1,105
12. 620 0,160 1,352 1,108 28. 780 1,133

13. 630 0,195 1,338 1,092 29. 790 1,162

30. 800 1,167

14. 640 0,243 1,305 1,062
31. 810 1,175
15. 650 0,300 1,262 1,028
32. 820 1,173
16. 660 0,364 1,209 0,985
33. 830 1,164

17. 670 0,426 1,150 0,936 34. 840 1,152

Figure 1. Relationship between wavelength and
absorbance of Cu2+ (water)

1.400

1.200

1.000

0.800
Absorbance

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
()
Figure 2. Relationship between wavelength and absorbance of
Cu2+ (50 water : 50 ammonia)

1.600

1.400

1.200

1.000
Absorbance

0.800

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
()
Figure 3. Relationship between wavelength and absorbance of
Cu2+ (25 water : 75 ammonia)

1.200

1.000

0.800
Absorbance

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
()
Calculation

Solution A

10 =

6,6261034 2,998108 /
= x 6,022x1023 1
810109
1
= 147685,818
= 147,685 1
Solution B

10 =

6,6261034 2,998108 /
= x 6,022x1023 1
610109
= 196107,397 1
= 196,107 1
Solution C

10 =

6,6261034 2,998108 /
= x 6,022x1023 1
608109
1
= 196752,488
= 196,752 1
 DISCUSSION
1. Solution A
His reaction is shown as follows:
Cu2+ (aq) + 6H2O (l) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq)
Hybridization complex compounds above by VBT (Valence Bond Theory) where
there are 6 ligand of H2O as follows:
H2O H2O H2O H2 O H2 O H2 O

3d 4s 4p 4d
From above it is known that hybridization of complexes ion [Cu(H2O)6]2+ is sp3 d2
with octahedral molecular geometry for PEI = 6 and nature paramagnetic.
The solution tested by UV-spectrophotometer at wavelength of 550 840 nm,
and obtained maximum wavelength of 810 nm by absorbance 1,175. Price 10Dq
of this solution obtained as 147,685 1 . Dq value obtained from the solution A
is low, it is because there is only H2O ligand substitution alone, whic is a form
aquocomplex. So that it can concluded that the ligand field strength of H2O is
small, where low energy will make orbital splitting eg and t2g getting smaller. Small
splitting incoming signaling that the ligand is weak ligand.
2. Solution B
The reaction is as follows:
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 3NH3 (aq) [Cu(H2O)3(NH3)3]2+ (aq)
Hybridization complex compounds above by VBT where there are 3 ligand H2O and 3 ligand
NH3 as follows:
H2O H2O H2O NH3 NH3 NH3

3d 4s 4p 4d
From the above it is known that hybridization complexes of [Cu(H2O)3(NH3)3]2+ is sp3 d2 with
octahedral molecular geometry for PEI = 6 and its diamagnetic.

The solution tested by UV-spectrophotometer at wavelength of 550 700 nm, and obtained
maximum wavelength of 610 nm by absorbance 1,355. Price 10Dq of this solution obtained
as 196,107 1 . The second test solution will be larger than first solution. From the
comparison of energy 10Dq, the test of solution A and solution B, 10Dq energy of solution B
larger than solution A cause NH3 ligand substitution, so Dq energy is growing. Whereas the
solution B test only H2O ligand substitution. It can be concluded that NH3 ligand field strength
greater than H2O as it raises the great energy, where the energy of this will make orbital
splitting eg and t2g bigger. Large splitting incoming signaling ligand is a strong ligand. In this
solution automatically ligand NH3 replaces the weaker ligand H2O.
3. Solution C
The reaction is as follows:
[Cu(H2O)3(NH3)3]2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) [Cu(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ (aq)

Hybridization complex compounds above by VBT where there are 2 ligand H2O and 4
ligand NH3 as follows:
H2O H2O NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

3d 4s 4p 4d
From the above it is known that hybridization complexes of [Cu(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ is sp3 d2
with octahedral molecular geometry for PEI = 6 and its diamagnetic.

The solution tested by UV-spectrophotometer at wavelength of 550 700 nm, and

obtained maximum wavelength of 608 nm by absorbance 1,114. Price 10Dq of this
solution obtained as 196,752 1 . Dq value of solution C different from the solution
B, where Dq energy of solution C greater than solution B. This is cause the concentration
of NH3 more much compared with H2O in this solution.
 From the paper of Ligand field splittings in copper(II)
compounds (Smith, 1972) * we know that NH3 ligand stronger
than H2O ligand. Ligand field strength H2O and NH3 is in
accordance with atomic series. Here is a atomic series:
I- < Br- < SCN- ~ Cl- < F- < OH- ~ NO- < C2O42- < H2O < CS- < EDTA4-
< NH3 ~ pyr ~ en < phen < CN- ~ CO
This is in accordance with the results obtained that 10Dq1 <
10Dq2 < 10Dq3.

*Smith,D., 1972. Ligand Field Splittings in Copper(II) Compound. s.l.,

Springer.
CONCLUSION
Solution A contains Cu2+ 0.1 M in water distilled solution, have the
power of the ligand (10Dq) equal to 147,685 1 . Solution B
contains Cu2+ 0.1 M in ammonia 1 M with concentration 50 water:50
ammonia, have the power of the ligand (10Dq) equal to
196,107 1 . Although the solution C contains Cu2+ 0.1 M in
ammonia 1 M with concentration 25 water:75 ammonia, have the
power of the ligand (10Dq) equal to 196,752 1 . From the
result of this experiment can conclude that ligand field strength of
water smaller than ammonia (H2O < NH3).
ALUMINUM AND ITS
COMPOUND
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Equipment: Materials:
Test Tube Diluted HCl
Beakerglass Some pieces of metal Al
Bunsen burner HgCl2 solution of 0.1 M (in
ethanol solvent)
0.1 M NaOH solution
WORK INSTRUCTION

1. Experiment 1: Reaction with HCl

2 mL of dilute HCl + 3-4 pieces metal Al

Allowing about 5 minutes

Heating the mixture if not reacted

Solution

Observing and recording changes that occur

2. Experiment 2: Reaction with NaOH

2 mL of NaOH(aq) + 3-4 pieces metal Al

Allowing about 5 minutes

Heating the mixture if not reacted

Solution

Observing and recording changes that occur

3. Experiment 3: Reaction with Oxygen

A piece of aluminium foil + drops of HgCl2 (aq)

Allowing a few minutes

Washing aluminium foil with water

Leaving the aluminium foil in the open air

Observing and recording changes that occur

 REACTION WITH HCl
Before heating : no changes
After heating : there is a bubbles
Reaction:
() + () + ()

Picture 1. Aluminium foil react with

HCl then heating
 REACTION WITH NaOH
Before heating : no changes
After heating : there is a lot of bubbles
more than when it reacted with HCl
Reaction :
() + () + [() ] () + ()

Picture 1. Aluminium foil react with

NaOH then heating
 Reaction with oxygen
When react with HgCl2 : when aluminum foil drip with HgCl2 then the surface of aluminum
foil will peel
After wash with water and leave in the open air : there are some black spots, the color
changes to gray, bubbles appear, brittle, peeling surface
Reaction : Al2O3(s) + HgCl2(aq) HgO(s) + Cl2(g) + 2 Al(s)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

Picture 5. After wash with water and

Picture 3. Al before doing anything Picture 4. After react with HgCl2
leave in the open air
Experiment 1 (Reaction with HCl)
This experiment aims to determine the properties of aluminum by
reaction with a strong acid, strong acid solution used was 2 ml of
hydrochloric acid (HCl). Reaction aluminum foil with HCl :

2Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

After five minutes, aluminum that reacted with HCl is not react.
After a few minutes of heating, gas bubbles arise indicates reaction
between aluminum and HCl. Heating aims to accelerate the reaction
between the aluminum with HCl.
 Basically, the metal Al is less reactive because it is protected by the
oxide that need heating. That is also apply at aluminum foil. After it
react with HCl and heated, the oxide layer will peel or Al2O3 is gone,
because the layer of Al2O3 in Al metal protect the Al metal to react
with another substance, and if it is gone, so the Al metal is easier to
react with another substance. After heating, the gas bubbles arise
which is hydrogen gas (H2) produced from the reaction between the
metal Al with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The equation is as follows:

() + () + ()
 Experiment 2 (reaction with NaOH)
In the experiment 2, the procedure is same with experiment
1 but we use NaOH not HCl. The aim of this reaction is to
show us that amphoteric characteristic of Al when reacted
with base. But in this reaction we did not use pure Al, we
use aluminium foil. So NaOH will reacted with Al2O3 firstly
before reacted with Al because Al2O3 in the surface of Al in
aluminium foil. The reaction is

() + () + [() ] () + ()
 The reaction also do slowly, so we heat it to
accelerate the reaction. Before we heat it
there is no bubble. When we heat it there is
an bubble. The bubble show us that the
reaction truly produce H2 gass. after
reacted with Al2O3 in the surface of
aluminium foil, NaOH reacted with Al.
2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) + 6 H2O(l) 2 Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + 3 H2(g)
From the reaction we can see that when
Al reacted with NaOH, it also produce H2
gass. The reaction between Al and NaOH
do when heated. So the gass that produce
is more. It is because heating will rise the
temperature so the energy kinetic is
getting bigger.
The reaction is also producing
Na[Al(OH)4]. This is colorless complex
compound named
tetrahydroxoaluminate (III). The ability to
form complex compound caused by the
high cation charge so can accomodate
the donation of pair electron from the
ligand. This is related with the high
solvation energy. It mean the water
molecule is strong enough for cation so it
maybe can ignored as a complex
compound. By this experiment we can
see that aluminium and aluminium oxide
can reacted with strong base.
Experiment 3 (Reaction with Oxygen)
This experiment was conducted to determine the
reaction of aluminum with oxygen(free air). This experiment
was carried out by reacting aluminum metal with HgCl2.
After 15 minutes shows that the outer layer of aluminum-
colored flaky and dull while the color more shiny aluminum
metal.
The addition of HgCl2 is intended to remove the oxide
layer on the aluminum, because this oxide layer that
prevents the aluminum to react. Peeling layer mat was a
layer of aluminum oxide Al2O3. The reaction occurs:

Al2O3(s) + 3HgCl2(aq) 2Al(Cl)3(aq) + 3HgO(s)

 Furthermore, aluminum washed with water with the aim of
eliminating HgO reaction products may still stick to the
aluminum metal. After the aluminum metal that is not coated by
the oxide is left open air. For comparison, one of the aluminum
metal any closed. After a while formed white fibers such as
needles lining the aluminum metal, needle formation open air
faster than closed. The reaction occurs:

4Al(s) + O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

The white fibers are aluminum oxide that is formed back

when the aluminum is left open air. Due to the nature of
aluminum is easily oxidized. The longer time of aluminum is left in
the opened air, white fibers produced is more, and the
aluminum foil can be crushed into powder that contain Hg.
Conclusion
From the result of this experiment can conclude that
aluminum easier react with base than react with acid.
When react with HgCl2, aluminum drip with HgCl2 then the
surface of aluminum foil will peel and form chlorine gas.
After wash with water and leave in the open air, there are
some black spots, the color changes to gray, bubbles
appear, brittle, peeling surface.