2

1












2

2.1

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

2.9
2.1




2.1
4

:1980

134

1 Nominal Scal
e

2 Ordinal Scale

3 Interval Scale

0



4 Ratio Scale



0





0
0

- 273.15 -123.15 0 26.85

0KM 150KM 300KM



8848 960

100 38


( = )
( < >)
( + - )
( )

Attribute
Categorical
Numerical







0 1 2



2.1

8


2.2

1.

2. Internet
http//WWW.

3.

4.

2001

5.





http://www.stat.gov.cn

http://www.drcnet.com.cn

http://www.cei.gov.cn

http://data.acmr.com.cn

http://www.juece.gov.cn
http://www.sannong.gov.cn



http://www.census.go
v
http://www.bog.frb.fe

d.us
http://

www.whitehouse.gov
/omb
http://www.doc.gov


(census)

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

(sampling survey)

1.

2.





2.3

1

2.3



(sampling error)

1.
2.

3.



(non-sampling error)

1.
2.

3.
4.


1936
240 57%
43% Gallup 5
0000 56%
62%
1952 1988 Gallup
3439 8144
0.2 4.4

The
National Opinion Research Center
500
3


9 25

2 45




39
62



1.
2.






 2.4


2.4

2.4




= Max.-Min. /

5 15




 ( )

1.

2. (class width)


( - )
3.
frequency)

relative frequency) /


Sturges K
ln(n)
K 1
ln(2)

 ( )

1. (low limit)
2. (upper limit)
3. (class width)
4. (class midpoint)

+

= 2

( )

30

Max=128
Min=84

Max=128 (Max-Min)/5=(128-84)/5=8.810
Min=84

90 100 110 120

60

48 71 52 53 36 41 69 58 47 60 53 29
41 72 81 37 43 58 68 42 73 62 59 44
51 53 47 66 59 52 34 49 73 29 47 16
39 58 43 29 46 52 38 46 80 58 51 67
54 57 58 63 49 40 54 61 58 66 47 50


Max=81
(Max-Min)/8=(81-16)/8=8.1259
Min=16

/

(%)
1019 1 1.7
2029 3 5.0
3039 5 8.3
4049 16 26.7
5059 20 33.3
6069 9 15.0
7079 4 6.7
8089 2 3.3
60 100.0


Excel
 (histogram)

1.


2.



( )

100 12
110
!

0
80 90 100 110 120 130

 (frequency polygon)

1.
2.
( )

3.



S =S

( )

S =S
12

0
80 90 100 110 120 130

J J U




20

(M.E. Lorentz)

(V. Pareto)




A

B





1. 20 (G. A
Gini) =
A+B

2. A

3. B
A
4. A=0 =0 B

5. B=0 =1
<0.2
0.2~0.4
6. 0 1
=0.4
>0.4

100

1. 100

2.

3.
100
4.

40.8% <0.2
36.1% 0.2~0.4
32.7% =0.4
31.0% >0.4
31.6%
30%
27.3%
26.9%
25%
24.9%
1978-2005

 0.473

2007 8 8


22

20% 20%
11
2004 0.4725
0.4730
1993 2004 0.407
0.473


20% / 20%

11.37 0.4725
9.47 0.4730
9.11 0.4397
8.33 0.4302
7.72 0.4196
7.7 0.4033
7.04 0.3805
6.83 0.4018
6.24 0.3708
6.05 0.3385
5.95 0.3650
5.61 0.3383
5.52 0.3622
5.52 0.3430
5.47 0.3155
5.44 0.3284
5.4 0.3463
5.14 0.3263
5.08 0.338
5.03 0.3408
4.46 0.3118
4.43 0.303
 2.5

mode
median

mean
geometric mean
trimmed mean


 M (mode)
o

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.


( )

: 10 5 9 12 6 8

: 6 5 9 8 5 5

: 25 28 28 36 42 42
 mode Mo

Mo L
D1
D1 D 2
i


Mo L
D1
D1 D 2
i

i
 *

1 80-90
60 3
D1 60-70 8
Mo L d
D1 D 2 70-80 12
3
80 10 82.14 80-90 15
3 11
90 4
42
2 85


50


Mo

15
16

Excel 12
11
9 9
Mo

8 6

mode 4

0




 Me (median)

1.

50%
50% 50%
50%
Me
2.
3.

4.
n

x M min
i 1
i e
 ( )

n 1

2

n

2


9
: 1500 750 780 1080 850 960 2000 1250 1630
: 750 780 850 960 1080 1250 1500 1630 200
0
: 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
n 1 9 1
5
2 2
1080


10
: 660 750 780 850 960 1080 1250 1500 1630 2
000
: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10
n 1 10 1
5.5
2 2
960 1080
1020
2
 *

N
S m 1

M L 2 i
f
e
m

L (n / 2
N
f
m

S m 1


i


Me L N 2 f S m 1
i
m
60 3 3
42 60-70 8 11
11
M e 70 2 10 70-80 12 23
12
80-90 15 38
78.33
21 90 4 42
42 -

n

2

 (quartile)

1. 25% 75%

25%
25% 25%
25% 25%
25% 25%
25%
QL QM QU

2.
3.

 ( )

n 1
QL
4

Q 3(n 1)


U
4

n
Q
L
4

Q 3n


U
4


9
: 1500 750 780 1080 850 960 2000 1250 1630
: 750 780 850 960 1080 1250 1500 1630 200
0
: 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 1 3(9 1)
QL 2.5 QU 7.5
4 4
780 850 1500 1630
QL 815 QU 1565
2 2

10
: 660 750 780 850 960 1080 1250 1500 1630 2000
: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10 1 3 (10 1)
QL 2.75 QU 8.25
4 4
2 2.75
3
750 780
0.75(780-750)

QL 750 0.75 (780 750) 772.5

QU 1500 0.25 (1630 1500) 1532.5



(Decile): D1 D2 D9
(percentile) P1 P2 P99

 (mean)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.



x1 x2 xn
n

x1 x2 xN i 1 x i

N N
n

x1 x 2 x n x i
x i 1

n n
 (weighted mean)

x1 x2 xn
f1 f2 fk
K K

x1 f1 x2 f 2 xK f K x f i i

i 1
f1 f 2 f K K

f
i 1
i
k

x1 f1 x2 f 2 xk f k x f i i
x i 1
f1 f 2 f k n

f
i 1
i
 ( )

x f i i
x i 1
k

f
i 1
i

3110
103.67

30
 ( )

1.
n

(x x) 0
i 1
i

2.
n

(x
i 1
i x ) min
2

 (geometric mean)

1. n n
2.
3.
4.
n
Gm n x1 x 2 x n n xi
i 1

5. n

1
lg x i
lg Gm (lg x1 lg x 2 lg x n ) i 1

n n
 ( )
2000 20
01 2002 2003 4.5%
2.1% 25.5% 1.9%

G 4 104.5% 102.1% 125.5% 101.9% 1
8.0787%

G 4.5% 2.1% 25.5% 1.9% 4 8.5%

 (trimmed Mean)

1.

2.

3. x( na 1) x( na 2) L x( n na )
xa
n 2 na
1
0 a <
n 2

a=0, =

a1/2, =
 ( )
11
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 , x8 , x9 , x10 , x11
9.22, 9.25, 9.20, 9.30, 9.65, 9.30, 9.27, 9.20,9.28, 9.25, 9.24

x(1) , x(2) , x(3) , x(4) , x(5) , x(6) , x(7) , x(8) , x(9) , x(10) , x(11)
9.20, 9.20, 9.22, 9.24, 9.25, 9.25, 9.27, 9.28, 9.30, 9.30, 9.65
x 111/ 111 x 111/ 112 L x 11111/ 11
x1/11 1 /11

a 1/11 11 2 111/11
x(2) x(3) L x(10)

11 2
9.2 9.22 L 9.3
9.26
9




5 10


300
75


100
300
300



2400
1000
250 250*6=1500
200 10 10
0 2000
6900 23

6900/23=300


300

200

100

= ==

__ __ __
x < Me < M0 x Me M0 M0 < Me < x


1.



2.


3.



2.6

 R (range)

1.
2.
3.
4.
7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10
5.
R = max(xi) - min(xi)
 Inter-Quartile Range,IQ
R
1.
2.
= Q3 Q1
3. 50%
4.
5.

 (Variance and Standard deviati
on)

1. x = 8
2.
3. 4 6 8 10 12

4.
5.



(Population variance and Standard deviation)

N N

( xi ) 2
i
( x ) 2

2 i 1
i 1

N N

K K

(M i ) fi
2
i
( M ) 2
fi

2 i 1 i 1

N N

(simple variance and standard deviation)

n n

i
( x x ) 2 n-1
! i
( x x ) 2

s2 i 1
s i 1
n 1 n 1

k k
(M i x) fi
2
i
( M x ) 2
fi
s2 i 1
s i 1
n 1 n 1
 (degree of freedo
m)

1.
2. n x ,
n-1

3. 3 x1=2 x2=4 x3=9
x = 5 x = 5 x1 x2 x3
x1=
6 x2=7 x3 2
4.
s2
2 2

5

x
x i

13 18 12 15 7
13
n 5

66
s
2
16.5 13 0 0
5 1 18 5 25
12 1 1
66
s 4.06 15 2 4
5 1
7 6 36
14 66

 (coefficient of variatio
n)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
s
v vs
x
 ( )
8

x1 x2

1 170 8.1
2 220 12.5
3 390 18.0
4 430 22.0
5 480 26.5
6 650 40.0
7 950 64.0
8 1000 69.0
 ( )

x1 536.25() x 2 32.5215()
s1 309.19() s 2 23.09()
309.19 23.09
v1= =0.577 v2= =0.710
536.25 32.5215
v1<v2

%
500 10 2.0
200 5 2.5


30 =$500,000
= $50,000
30 = $32,000
= $5,000
50000
: v1 100% 10%
500000
5000
: v2 100% 15.625%
32000





Location Dispersion Shape

 2.7

 (stem-and-leaf display)

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.




 ( )

( )
 1

HEIGHT Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf
9.00 15 . 001223344
17.00 15 . 55666667778899999
20.00 16 . 01112222223333333444
35.00 16 . 55555666666667777788888888888999999
25.00 17 . 0000000011112222233333344
24.00 17 . 555666677777777777888899
13.00 18 . 0111111122333
11.00 18 . 55667788899
4.00 19 . 2333
2.00 19 . 56
3.00 Extremes (>=198)
Stem width: 10.00
Each leaf: 1 case(s)
 (box plot)

1.
2. 5

3.
5
Me (
QL QU


 ( )

X QL QU X

4 6 8 10 12


 ( )

96 105 109
84 128

80 85 90 95 100 105 110 150 120 125 130



QLL Q
QUU Q LL Q UU Q
QLL Q
QUU

 (
)

11

11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
8
76 90 97 71 70 93 86 83 78 85 81
65 95 51 74 78 63 91 82 75 71 55
93 81 76 88 66 79 83 92 78 86 78
74 87 85 69 90 80 77 84 91 74 70
68 75 70 84 73 60 76 81 88 68 75

70 73 92 65 78 87 90 70 66 79 68

55 91 68 73 84 81 70 69 94 62 71

85 78 81 95 70 67 82 72 80 81 77

 105105

4545
5555
6565
7575
8585
9595
)

88

Medi
MiMin-Max
25%-75%
n-Max
25%-75%
Mediananvalvalueue
(
 (
)
105

95

85

75

65

55

min-max
45 25%-75%
1 3 5 7 9 11
2 4 6 8 10 median value

11 88
11
 2.9

3-1 2003
2001 2002 2003

74432 75360 76075
( )
( ) 73025 73740 74432

681 770 800
()
3.6 4.0 4.3

2004
1990 2000

2001

Per capita GDP 2004

4215 - 8606
8607 - 13897
13898 - 31550
31551 - 55307


 Bar Chart)

2003
 (Pie Chart)

2003
 (Line Chart)

1996 -2003


2003

1



10 7
0
0


2


3


4




Minimum Wage Minimum Wage
1960: $1.00 $
4
1970: $1.60
2
1980: $3.10
0
1990: $3.80 1960 1970 1980 1990


Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales
$ $
200 50

100 25

0 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4


Monthly Sales
Monthly Sales $
$ 45
45 42
42 39
39 36
36
0
J F M A M J J F M A M J








1 14