L/O/G/O PATTERNS OF METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE GASES EMISSION

FROM AEROBIC PADDY FIELD

Nur Aini Iswati Hasanah

F163130051

Supervisors:
Prof Dr Ir Budi Indra Setiawan, MAgr
Dr Chusnul Arif, STP, MSi
Dr Slamet Widodo, STP, MSc

Bogor, 4 May 2017

 01 - INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
02 - METHODS

03 - RESULT AND DISCUSSION

04 - CONCLUSION
2
 CH4 formed in aerobic condition
Oxic eubacteria, anaerobic
microsites, chemical formation in
organic soil (Jugold et al. 2012)
Diffusion through aerated
emission needs
microsites (Peyron et al. 2016)
to be reduced
Making mitigation strategy
environmental factor value
important source develop easy estimation
Global CH4 and N2O Nitrification
Soil moderately reduces
Nitrate diffuses
byproduct of microbial survival >> less oxidized zone
Characterized -- transfer of electrons (Hou et al. 2000)
(Li 2007)
Emission source and sink soil Eh N2O appears in aerobic condition
Peak emission: environmental factor

01 to examine the CH4 and N2O emission pattern from aerobic paddy field

to suggest a simple method to calculate the emission and expected to contribute in

3 02 reducing the non-CO2 emission
Experimental Site and Data Collecting

S 633 48.78; E 10643'38.09"

elevation = 183.4m above sea level

SRI method
March 10 - June 20, 2015
4
 Monitoring Station

Air temperature (30 min):

EHT sensors CH4 and N2O fluxes
(Decagon Devices, Inc., USA).
Soil moisture, soil temperature,
and EC (30 min): 5-TE sensor Static (closed) chamber method
(Decagon Devices, Inc., USA) 15 ml samples :
Soil pH (1 week): 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes
pH 3310 SET 2 incl. SenTix41
Soil Eh (1 week): WTW SenTix

Concentration GC273.2
analysis:
=
273.2 +

5
Emission Estimation
2 ANN models

Parameter
X1 H1 H1*
1

Parameter CH4* CH4

X2 H2 H2* or or
2 Y1 Y1*
N2O* N2O

Parameter
X3 H3 H3*
3
Minimize RMSE
Maximize calibration curves (R2)

Sensitivity analysis : BS BS Learning : backpropagation

spearman
Activation function : sigmoid
soil pH, soil Eh, air temperature,
soil moisture, soil temperature,
and EC
Weekly fluctuations
General relationship

6
6
A Simple Method for Emission Calculation
emission diagram -- built in Origin 2017
(modified ternary-contour diagram)
generated simulation data under previous ANN models
CH4 ?
N2O flux ?

7 parameter 3
Sensitivity Analysis of Input Parameter Estimation Models

Some biophysics parameters more sensitive

The selection of input parameter is very crucial (Azid et al., 2015)
related to the predicting result and model typology (Vilimek 2014)

rs varies -- positive and negative

Higher absolute rs = more influential parameter is (Gajev, et al., 2014)

8
 TAVE site = 27.3 oC ; 29 < Tsampling < 33.8 oC, TAVEsampling = 31.8 oC.
0.278 < VWCsampling < 0.524 m3/m3
4.1 < pH < 5.6, pHAVE = 4.9

CH4 : max sink 422.4 mg/m2/day; max emit 590.9 mg/m2/day

N2O average emissions 3.4 g/m2/day

soil Eh > 300 mV, except in week 12 and 13 WAT

0 WAT : not yet stable (seen from the different VWC)
CH4 flux very different suddenly : 6 and 9 WAT
N2O sudden high fluctuation: 1 and 2 WAT

turbulence effect and pressure disturbances in the chamber

leakages -- contaminated by ambient air
error in GC analysis
9 (Kutzbach et al. 2007; Hutchinson & Livingston 2001; Barwick 1999)
 CH4
increase at higher air temperature (Benoit et al. 2015;
N2O
Kumar et al. 2016) increase at higher air temperature (Benoit et al. 2015;
In wet soil (high soil moisture): higher emission Kumar et al. 2016)
>> low O2 diffusion rates trigger methanotroph high un- In wet soil (high soil moisture): decrease
oxidized methane (Huang et al. 2004) >> decreasing of nitrification rates (Huang et al. 2004)
less in lower pH -- methanogens started to appear when pH higher in lower pH higher nitrate accumulation
increase (Huang et al. 2004) (Martikainen et al. 1993); different in acid>> inhibition of
10 non-linear relations -- ANN model = SOLUTION nitrite production (Mosier et al., 1998)
>> capable to capture non-linearities of system
Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide gas emission

model can be accepted estimation method

weight adjusted >> actual outputs (prediction) close to the target
w/ 3 parameter input
(measured data) output during the iterations to minimize the error of
11 generate emissions data >> input in contour mapping
estimation on the estimation diagram
 Generally when T, (Jugold et al. 2012) -- VWC
>> oxygen availability in the soil
>> sink more methane
higher emissions in higher pH.
methane uptake: 3.5-7.5 by methanotroph (Benstead
and King 2001) -- methanogen more sensitive
pH fermentative activity -- acetate (H2)
= methanogenic substrates >> CH4 production
12 (Ye et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2016)
 in lower pH, (Mosier et al. 1998).
>> nitrification (NO to N2O) most controlling
>> NO formation
-- chemical decomposition of nitrite at low pH
>> nitrite -- biological processes inhibition in low pH
emission is not big, (Meijide et al. 2016)
almost in all soil moisture and air temperature conditions
13
when T -- nitrates rates, (Benoit et al. 2015).
 estimation diagram:
helpful -- amount of non-CO2 greenhouse gasses from aerobic paddy field
identifying mitigation action -- less emission

maintaining soil moisture

29.4 0C

14
 aerobic paddy field has potential to emit CH4 and N2O
air temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH are
influential to this emission.
The CH4 emission tended to increase when the air
temperature increases and soil moisture decreased, and
generally in higher pH.
The N2O emission occurs almost in all soil moisture and
air temperature conditions but decreases in lower pH.
The CH4 and N2O emissions can be estimated
accurately using some environmental values.
The simple emission diagrams can be used to easily
estimate soil moisture set-point that expected to make
less emission.
soil moisture control is the best way to mitigate
greenhouse gas emission.

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