Rain Water Harvesting

System

&
Management

Presented By

Presented
By
A K Kanotra
Siel Chemical Complex
 Contents
Introduction

Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting

Average Rainfall of States in India

Availability of Rainwater Through Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting

Runoff Coefficients for Various Catchments Surfaces

Rainwater Harvesting System

Treatment Techniques

Materials for Rainwater Tanks

Rainwater Harvesting System at Siel Chemical Complex

 Introduction

Every year, the water level in the state

PUNJAB goes down by one meter. If this
continues, the state will soon turn into a
desert. So it is necessary to save every drop of
water.

Every commercial building as well as big

houses in the state must install Rain water
harvesting system to save water
 What is rain water harvesting ?

It is the activity of direct collection of

rain water

Rain water can be stored for direct use

or can be recharged into the ground
water aquifer
 Rain Water in India

Total annual rainfall in India: 400 million hectare-

meters (area x height)
Indias area: 329 million hectares
If evenly spread, average height: 1.28m
Actual distribution:
Highly skewed area-wise
The desert receives less than 200mm annually,
while Cherrapunji receives 11,400mm
But almost every part of India receives at least
100mm annually
Key: even 100mm annual rainfall sufficient if
harvested properly and where it falls
But
.
Temporal distribution of rain in India also skewed
Rainfall in India seasonal (unlike Western countries)
Most of the country receives rainfall only for about
100 hours each year
Rough rule of thumb: #cm of rain = #hours rain
received
E.g.: Jodhpur receives 40cm of rain in about 40
hours
Natural implication of such skew:
Most of the rain water lost due to runoffs
Unlike the west, very little water percolates into
the ground
Hence, the importance of harvesting structures
for local self-sufficiency
Average Rainfall of States in India
Average annual
Sl.No. State Meteorological Divisions rainfall (mm)

Andaman and
1 Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2,967
Arunachal
2 Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh 2,782

3 Assam Assam and Meghalaya 2,818

4 Meghalaya Assam and Meghalaya 2,818

5 Nagaland Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram an Tripura 1,881

6 Manipur Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram andTripura 1,881

7 Mizoram Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram andTripura 1,881

8 Tripura Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram andTripura 1,881

Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim 2,739

9 West Bengal Gangetic West Bengal 1,439

10 Sikkim Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim 2,739

 Average annual
Sl. No. State Meteorological Divisions rainfall (mm)
11 Orissa Orissa 1,489
Bihar Plateau 1,326
12 Bihar Bihar Plains 1,186
Uttar Pradesh 1,025
Plain of West Uttar Pradesh 896
13 Uttar Pradesh Hills of West Uttar Pradesh 1,667
14 Haryana Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi 617
15 Delhi Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi 617
16 Chandigarh Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi 617
17 Punjab Punjab 649
18 Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh 1,251
Jammu and
19 Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir 1,011
West Rajasthan 313
20 Rajasthan East Rajasthan 675
 Average annual
Sl. No. State Meteorological Divisions rainfall (mm)
Madhya Pradesh 1,017
21 Madhya Pradesh East Madhya Pradesh 1,338
Gujarat region 1,107
22 Gujarat Saurashtra and Kachchh 578
23 Goa Konkan and Goa 3,005
Konkan and Goa 3,005
Madhya Maharashtra 901
Marathwada 882
24 Maharashtra Vidarbha 1,034
Coastal Andhra Pradesh 1,094
Telengana 961
25 Andhra Pradesh Rayalaseema 680
26 Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 998
27 Pondicherry Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 998
Coastal Karnataka 3,456
North Interior Karnataka 731
28 Karnataka South Interior Karnataka 1,126
29 Kerala Kerala 3,055
30 Lakshadweep Lakshadweep 1,515
As per CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY (Constituted under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986),NOC for Ground Water withdrawal will be considered for
Industries/Infrastructure projects which are either NEW or under EXPANSION as per the criteria given
below:

Category Recycle/Reuse Withdrawal permitted

(% of proposed recharge)
Safe Mandatory recycling NOC is required for groundwater
and reuse of water withdrawal if quantity of groundwater
abstraction exceeds 100 m3/day. AR to
groundwater to be adopted.
However, Industries under B-VI have
no exemption from obtaining NOC.
Semi-critical Major and Medium Withdrawal may be permitted subject to
industries shall recycle undertaking of recharge** measures.
and reuse at least The withdrawal should not exceed
50% of the waste 200% of the recharged quantity.
water
Critical Major and Medium Withdrawal may be permitted subject to
industries should fully undertaking of recharge** measures.
recycle and reuse the The withdrawal should not exceed
waste water 100% of the recharged quantity.
Overexploite Full utilization of Withdrawal may be permitted subject to
d recycled water and undertaking of recharge** measures.
reuse of water should The withdrawal should not exceed 50%
be mandatory of the recharged quantity.
Why Rain water harvesting
To conserve & augment the storage of
ground water
To reduce water table depletion
To improve the quality of ground
water
To arrest sea water intrusion in
coastal areas
To avoid flood & water stagnation in
urban areas

4
Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater is a free source of nearly pure water and rainwater
harvesting refers to collection and storage of rainwater and other
activities aimed at harvesting surface and ground water. It also
includes prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage and
all other hydrological and engineering interventions, aimed at
conservation and efficient utilization of the limited water. In general,
water harvestings the activity of direct collection of rainwater. The
rainwater collected can be stored for direct use or can be recharged
into the ground water.
There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings.

Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

Recharge to ground water.

 RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain
Rooftop Water

Roof Top

Filtration

or

Storage
Recharge to ground water
Technology of Rainwater Harvesting
Example of Small level Rain Water
harvesting in villages in India
Availability of Rainwater Through Roof Top
Rainwater Harvesting
Water available from Roof = Annual rainfall (in mm) x roof area (in
sq. m) x co-efficient of run off for roof

Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water

requirement of a 5-member family living in a building with a
rooftop area of 100 sq.m. Average annual rainfall in the region is
600 mm. Daily drinking water requirement per person (drinking
and cooking) is 10 liters.

We shall first calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can

be harvested from the rooftop .Following details are available:
Area of the catchments (A) = 100 sq.m.
Average annual rainfall (R) = 600 mm (0.6 m)
Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85
Annual water harvesting potential from 100 sq.m. roof
=AxRxC
= 100 x 0.6 x 0.85
= 51 cu.m. (51,000 ltr)
The tank capacity has to be designed for the dry period, i.e., the
period between the two consecutive rainy seasons.

With the rainy season extending over four months, the dry season
is of 245 days. Particular care must be taken to ensure that
potable water is not contaminated by the collected rainwater.

Drinking water requirement for the family

(dry season) = 245 x 5 x 10

= 12,250 ltr.

As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than
required, i.e., 14,700 ltr. This tank can meet the basic drinking
water requirement of a 5-member family for the dry period.
co-efficient of run off

GI sheet 0.90

Asbestos 0.80

Tiled 0.75

Plaster on bricks/ 0.70

Concrete
All rainwater-harvesting systems comprise six basic
components irrespective of the size of the system.
1. Catchments area/roof: The surface upon which the rain falls;
the roof has to be appropriately sloped preferably towards the
direction of storage and recharge.
2. Gutters and downspouts: The transport channels from
catchments surface to storage; these have to be designed
depending on site, rainfall characteristics and roof
characteristics.
3. Leaf screens and roof washers: The systems that remove
contaminants and debris; a first rain separator has to be put
in place to divert and manage the first 2.5 mm of rain.
4. Storage tanks: Sumps, tanks etc. where collected rain-water
is safely stored or recharging the ground water through open
wells, bore wells or percolation pits etc.
5. Conveying: The delivery system for the treated rainwater,
either by gravity or pump;
6. Water treatment: Filters to remove solids and organic material
and equipment, and additives to settle, filter, and disinfect.
Rain Water Distribution & Management
Treatment Techniques
Screening
Methods Location Results
Strainers and Gutters and Prevent leaves
Leaf Screens Leaders and other
debris from
Settling
Sedimentation Within Tank Settles
particulate
matter
Filtering

In-line/Multi-Cartridge After Pump Sieves sediment

Activated Carbon At Tap Removes chlorine
Reverse Osmosis At Tap Removes contaminants
Mixed Media Separate Tank Traps particulate matter
Slow Sand Separate Tank Traps particulate matter

Disinfecting
Boiling/Distilling Before use Kills microorganisms
Chemical Treatments Within tank Kills microorganisms
Ultraviolet Light After the activated Kills microorganisms
carbon filter Kills microorganisms
Ozonation Before Tap
Materials for Rainwater Tanks
Plastic:
Fiberglass: Fiberglass tanks are lightweight, reasonably priced, and long
lasting, making them one of the most popular tanks in contemporary
installations. As with the polyethylene and galvanized tanks, fiberglass
tanks are commercially available and easy to transport. They are available
in a wide range of sizes and can be specified for potable water. Fiberglass
tanks should be coated or constructed to prevent penetration of sunlight
into the tank.

Plastic Liner: Plastic liners are sometimes used to line concrete tanks or
tanks that have developed leaks. These liners can also be used to line low-
cost, temporary collection tanks constructed of materials such as plywood.
Plastic liners that are specified for potable use are commercially available.

Polyethylene: In many countries these tanks are commercially available in a

variety of sizes, shapes, and colors, and can be constructed for above or
below ground installations. Polyethylene tanks are gaining popularity due
to their relatively low cost and because they one slightly more durable than
fiberglass with comparable life expectancy. Their light weight makes them
easy to transport and relocate
Metal:
Galvanized steel tanks are also used. These are commercially available
and reasonably priced and are quite popular. They are noted for their
strength, yet are relatively lightweight and easy to move. Corrosion can
be a problem if exposed to acidic conditions; some suppliers provide an
inside liner to guard against this problem. In addition, high and low pH
water conditions can result in the release of zinc.
Rainwater Harvesting System at
Siel Chemical Complex
Rainwater Harvesting System at
Siel Chemical Complex
SIEL Chemical Complex is a Caustic Soda production plant located at
Rajpura. It has ISO 14000 certification and the organization is very much
concerned to improve the Environmental standards within and outside
the premises of company. To improve the Ground water level in the
surrounding areas, organization is trying to implement the Rain Water
Harvesting within the premises.

In SCC, we are having 02 nos units of rain water harvesting . The first
unit of rain water harvesting was installed and taken in operation w.e.f.
July 20,2007.

It is estimated that around 500m3 of water will be charged into the ground
in a year, with an average rainfall of 82 cms .
Rainwater Harvesting System at
Siel Chemical Complex

Here we are considering the only Rooftop of A & PO building, Security

block building and HR and Administrative block building for rainwater
harvesting.
Rooftop area of A&PO building = 304 sq. m.
Rooftop area of security block building = 192 sq. m.
Rooftop area of HR and administrative block building = 662 sq. m.
Total Rooftop Area = 1158sq.m.
Average Rainfall in this region = 82.23 cm.
= .82 m.
Assuming that 60% of total rainfall is effectively harvested.
Volume of water harvested = 1158 X .82 X .6 cu. m.
= 569.736 cu. m.
= 569736 ltr.
So we can save 569 m3. of water annually from above said building
THANK YOU