BM11 - 07 - Optional - Vista CPD

Version 1.
Vista CPD Preliminary

Design of Mixed-Flow
and Centrifugal Pumps
Peter Came
Director
PCA Engineers Limited
3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

2007 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 7-1
Version 1.0
Content
Training Manual
Introduction and basic theory

Vista CPD operation
Limits of applicability
Key input/output parameters
Tips on use of Vista CPD

Centrifugal pumps
Version 1.0
operating principle Training Manual
Head (energy) raised by flow of fluid through radial pressure field, driven
by rotating impeller
Head U2 x Cu2
Volute discharge decelerates flow,

increasing pressure head Outlet
flow
Volute
Throat
fluid whirl speed, Cu2
Impeller tip speed, U2

Version 1.0
Essential notation
Training Manual
U2 impeller tip peripheral velocity m/s

Cu2 fluid tangential velocity at impeller tip m/s
W2 relative velocity at impeller tip m/s
D2m mean impeller tip diameter mm
De impeller eye diameter mm
W1 mean relative velocity at impeller eye m/s
Cme meridional velocity at impeller eye m/s
V volume flow rate m3/s
N impeller rotational speed rev/min
W impeller angular velocity 1/s
Ns specific speed -
NPSHR net positive suction head (required) m
Nss specific speed based on NPSHR -
Eh hydraulic efficiency -
Suffix:
bep best efficiency point
Full notation is given in the Userguide
(Units above are to clarify equations; the code itself has an Imperial Units option)
Version 1.0
Selecting key pump dimensions

Training Manual
Impeller outlet diameter
Impeller inlet diameter
Volute throat area
..for a pump design with the highest efficiency

and stability for the specified duty
Basis of the calculation is largely empirical.

Version 1.0
Selecting outlet diameter: impeller diffusion

Training Manual
rotation
An unstable head-flow curve is W2
mainly caused by excessive W1

diffusion of the impeller inlet
relative velocity, W1 and is most
likely to occur at flows less than
the pump design flow.

Version 1.0
Unstable head-flow curves

Training Manual
Low Ns pump
Common high
Head, H diffusion effects.
High Ns pump
Volume flow, V
Instability is caused mainly by excessive relative flow diffusion in

impeller passages
Impeller diffusion increases as flow decreases; head & efficiency
fall
Instability can also cause low frequency pump vibration and
unsteady delivered flow, particularly at low flow rates

Impeller diameter for a stable
Version 1.0
head-flow characteristic Training Manual
An impeller diffusion parameter can be defined as:

(W1 - W2) / W1
If W1 = W2 impeller diffusion is zero.
If W1 W2 at design flow, it can be shown that:

kS = (U2m - U1m)/Cu2 1
Test data show that kS is a suitable criterion and, for
stability,
kS > 0.9

Analysis of unstable
Version 1.0
head/flow curves Training Manual
A RANGE OF RADIAL GUIDEVANE PUMPS
Head Hmax
16.00
Hcv Hbep 14.00
12.00
(Hmax - Hcv) / Hmax %

10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
Flow
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
ks = (U2m - U1m) / Cu2

Impeller outlet diameter for a
Version 1.0
stable head/flow characteristic Training Manual
(U2m - U1m) / Cu2 = ks can be developed to give an

expression for outlet diameter, D2m, as follows:
D2m = f(D1m, Ks, g.Hbep, Eh, N)
D1m D2m

More traditional approach
Version 1.0
to selecting outlet diameter Training Manual
Select a customary value of Head Coefficient, HC,

where:
2.g.H
HC 2
U2
Choose a value ~ 0.85 < HC < 1.3
depending upon specific speed
Check resulting value of kS

Cavitation test data indicates
Version 1.0
optimum eye design parameters Training Manual
Peak region of curve denotes optimum design for

cavitation avoidance
W . V 0.5
Nss VOLUTE PUMP CAVITATION PERFORMANCE (3% dH)
g.NPSHR 0.75 4.5

Nss calc NPSHR = (0.2Ue^2+1.24Cme^2) / 2g Nss test
4.0
3.5
where Nss is: 3.0
2.5
Net Positive Suction Head,
Nss
2.0
Required which is the difference in 1.5
head between pump casing inlet 1.0
0.5
and the head at which cavitation 0.0
will occur. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

U1(eye) / Cm(eye)
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Impeller inlet design for cavitation
Version 1.0
avoidance Training Manual
NPSHR at cavitation inception is a minimum when

ratio of impeller eye peripheral velocity to meridional
velocity U1e/Cme is about 3.5; (see last slide); we
can call this (U1e/Cme)opt
From simple considerations, this permits the direct
calculation of an optimum impeller eye diameter, De:
De = constant x { (U1e / Cme)opt x V / N )0.333
U1e
Cme
De
Volute throat area sizing for
Version 1.0
optimum peak pump efficiency Training Manual
Efficiency vs. specific 1.0
Pump efficiency factor

speed, classical relation: 0.9
0.8
We extend this to
0.7
allow sizing the volute, as 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Specific speed Ns
follows:
W . V 0.5
0.8 < Y. Ns < 1.1 Ns
g.Hbep 0.75
where Y is:
impeller outlet area between blades
volute throat area
Volute throat velocity at
Version 1.0
best efficiency flow Training Manual
Free vortex flow integration to derive Rt
Cu2 x R2 = Constant Circular throat section

dR
Rt
Cu2 bt
R2 R
R2
Cu2 x R2 = Constant (at Qbep only)

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Blade Modeler Menu

Training Manual

Vista CPD: Pump duty and fluid
Version 1.0
dynamic data Training Manual
Note option to specify the Head Coefficient, 2gH / U22

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Geometric data

Training Manual

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Pump design

Training Manual

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Volute design

Training Manual

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: range of designs

Training Manual
High specific
speed designs
Low specific
speed designs

Vista CPD: key input & output
Version 1.0
parameters Training Manual
Key input
head, flow, speed, efficiency & head coeff.
(if head coeff. option selected)
Virtually all other input parameters can assume their
default values
Key output
eye diameter, tip diameter, & tip width
ks (stability parameter)
diffusion ratio [ = (W1,m W2) / W1,m ]
Ns (specific speed)
Version 1.0
Vista CPD: output to BladeGen

Training Manual
Vista CPD passes to BladeGen

meridional geometry, including inlet
and exit ducts
camber angle and thickness
distributions
Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Tips for Use

Training Manual
Rapid examination of a number of candidate designs

eg, speed is often open to the designers choice;
hence:
vary speed so that specific speed NS is optimum
(and hence also efficiency)
vary speed so that NPSHR < NPSHA
Use zero incidence option to obtain optimum blade
inlet angles
If specifying Head Coefficient is your normal
approach, compare this with CPDs stability method,
checking that kS > 0.9.
It may be useful for trainers to have a copy of CPD
standalone

Version 1.0
Vista CPD: Limits of Applicability

Training Manual
Mixed-flow/centrifugal pumps with single

tangential discharge volute casings
Specific speed limits:

(a) impeller: 0.15 < NS < 5
(b) volute: 0.25 < NS < 1.6


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Version 1.

Vista CPD Preliminary

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

Introduction and basic theory

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

operating principle Training Manual

Volute discharge decelerates flow,

Impeller tip speed, U2

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

U2 impeller tip peripheral velocity m/s

Selecting key pump dimensions

Impeller outlet diameter

Impeller inlet diameter

Volute throat area

..for a pump design with the highest efficiency

Basis of the calculation is largely empirical.

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

Selecting outlet diameter: impeller diffusion

An unstable head-flow curve is W2

mainly caused by excessive W1

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

Unstable head-flow curves

Instability is caused mainly by excessive relative flow diffusion in

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

head-flow characteristic Training Manual

An impeller diffusion parameter can be defined as:

If W1 = W2 impeller diffusion is zero.

If W1 W2 at design flow, it can be shown that:

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

head/flow curves Training Manual

A RANGE OF RADIAL GUIDEVANE PUMPS

Hcv Hbep 14.00

(Hmax - Hcv) / Hmax %

ks = (U2m - U1m) / Cu2

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

stable head/flow characteristic Training Manual

(U2m - U1m) / Cu2 = ks can be developed to give an

D2m = f(D1m, Ks, g.Hbep, Eh, N)

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

to selecting outlet diameter Training Manual

Select a customary value of Head Coefficient, HC,

Check resulting value of kS

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

optimum eye design parameters Training Manual

Peak region of curve denotes optimum design for

g.NPSHR 0.75 4.5

Required which is the difference in 1.5

head between pump casing inlet 1.0

will occur. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

avoidance Training Manual

NPSHR at cavitation inception is a minimum when

optimum peak pump efficiency Training Manual

Efficiency vs. specific 1.0

Pump efficiency factor

best efficiency flow Training Manual

Free vortex flow integration to derive Rt

Cu2 x R2 = Constant Circular throat section

Cu2 x R2 = Constant (at Qbep only)

Vista CPD: Blade Modeler Menu

3/23/2007 BladeModeler 11.0 Inventory #002498

dynamic data Training Manual

Note option to specify the Head Coefficient, 2gH / U22