Control area:

Most power systems normally control their generators in unison.

The individual control loops have the same regulation parameters.
The individual generator turbines tend to have the same response
characteristics then it is possible to let the control loop in the whole
system which then would be referred to as a control area.

Power Pool:

An association of two or more interconnected electric systems

having an agreement to coordinate operations and planning for
improved reliability and efficiencies.

Prime Mover:

The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine that drives an

electric generator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that converts
energy to electricity directly (e.g., photovoltaic solar and fuel
cell(s)).
 Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant:

A plant that usually generates electric energy during peak-load periods by

using water previously pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during
off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is available to do so.
When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released
from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in a
power plant at a lower level.

Regulation:

The governmental function of controlling or directing economic

entities through the process of rulemaking and adjudication

Reserve Margin (Operating):

The amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at

peak load for a utility system as a percentage of total capability.
 Restructuring:

The process of replacing a monopoly system of electric utilities with

competing sellers, allowing individual retail customers to choose their
electricity supplier but still receive delivery over the power lines of the
local utility. It includes the reconfiguration of the vertically-integrated
electric utility.

Retail Wheeling:

The process of moving electric power from a point of generation across

one or more utility-owned transmission and distribution systems to a
retail customer

Revenue:

The total amount of money received by a firm from sales of its products
and/or services, gains from the sales or exchange of assets, interest and
dividends earned on investments, and other increases in the owner's
equity except those arising from capital adjustments.
 Scheduled Outage:

The shutdown of a generating unit,

transmission line, or other facility, for
inspection or maintenance, in accordance
with an advance schedule.

Real power:

The real power in a power system is being

controlled by controlling the driving torque of
the individual turbines of the system.
1. What are the sources of reactive power? How it is
controlled?
The sources of reactive power are generators,
capacitors, and reactors. These are controlled by field
excitation. Give some excitation system amplifier. The
excitation system amplifiers are, a) Magnetic amplifier
b) Rotating amplifier c) Modern electronic amplifier

2. When is feedback stability compensation used?

High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this
causes undesirable dynamic response, possibly
instability. This conflicting situation is resolved by
adding feedback stabling compensation to the AVR
loop.
3. Give the characteristics of line compensators.
The characteristics of line compensators are, a. Ferranti
effect is minimized. b. Under excited operation of
synchronous generator is not required.

4. What is known as bank of capacitors? How it is adjusted?

When a number of capacitors are connected in parallel to
get the desired capacitance, it is known as bank of
capacitors. These can be adjusted in steps by switching
(mechanical).

5. What is the disadvantage of switched capacitors are

employed for compensation?
When switched capacitors are employed for compensation,
these should be disconnected immediately under light load
conditions to avoid excessive voltage rise and Ferro
resonance in presence of transformers.
6. What are the effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit?
The effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit are,
Voltage drop in the line reduces. Prevents voltage collapse.
Steady state power transfer increases. Transient stability limit
increases.

7. Give two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator.

The two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator are, a.
Static Var Compensator (SVC): These are banks of capacitors
(sometimes inductors also for use under light load conditions).

8. What is synchronous condenser?

It is a synchronous motor running at no-load and having
excitation adjustable over a wide range. It feeds positive VARs
into the line under overexcited conditions and negative VARs
when under excited.