Qualitative and

group theory of
inorganic chemistry

By
Nadir Hussain 47
Sumeer Shafiq 97
Hafiz Waqas 30
Ahsan Aziz 80
Zayam Mehmood 37
M.Sajjad Haider 75
 Qualitative Analysis
It is the identification of the constituents for example
elements or functional groups, present in a substance.
Unlike a Quantitative Analysis we are not concerned
with the amount of substance present in sample but
only with its identification.
Classical Qualitative Analysis is a method of analytical
chemistry which solves to find element composition of
inorganic compounds. It is mainly focused on detecting
ions in an aqueous solution
Continuing
It involves chemical test s such as kastle-Mayer test for
blood or iodine test for starch.
Another common qualitative test in inorganic chemistry
is flame test
For Example ,
One can use the qualitative analysis to find the
solution contained Cu+2 and Cl- ions.
Group Theory History
Group Theory is purely a mathematician concept.
Most of the fundamental of group theory were develop
by the French mathematician Evariste Galois (1811-
1832) In the early 19th century.
The principle of group theory are used by chemists
and physicist for the analysis of symmetry properties,
structure, bonding and molecular spectra of
compounds.
Definition
The symmetry relationship in the molecular structure
provide the basis for mathematical theory, called group
theory
Mathematics of group theory is predominately algebra.
Since all molecules are certain geometrical entities,
group theory dealing with such molecules is also called
the algebra of geometry.
Symmetry Elements:
A point of Reference about which symmetry operation
can take place

Symmetry Operation:
A molecule is said to be possess a symmetry element if the
molecule is unchanged in appearance after applying the
symmetry operations corresponding to the symmetry
element
OR
It is the movement such as an inversion about point, a
rotation about a line or reflection about a plane in order to
get an equivalent orientation
Reflection:
An internal reflection through a plane of symmetry
within an object.
A horizontal mirror plane (h) is perpendicular to the
principal axis.
Vertical (v) and dihedral (d) mirror planes are parallel
to the principal axis.
Rotation:
A counter clockwise rotation of 2/n (3600 /n) about an
axis.
Denoted by Cn
The rotation axis with the largest n is called the
principal axis or Highest Order.
Improper Rotation:
An improper rotation is performed by rotating the
molecule 360/n followed by reflection through the
plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. If the resulting
configuration is indistinguishable from the original, we
say there exists an n-fold improper rotation axis (or
Sn axis) in the molecule.
Each of the following molecules contains one or more
improper axes:
Staggered ethane contains an S6 axis
Methane contains three S4 axes
Inversion:
Each point is moved along a straight line through the
center of the object (the inversion center) to a point an
equal distance from the centre.

a b d e

c
f f
c

d
b a
e
The Identity Operation (E)
The function whose output is identical to its
input.
A symmetry operation is a permutation of atoms such
that the molecule or crystal is transformed into a state
indistinguishable from the starting state. Two basic facts
follow from this definition, which emphasize its
usefulness.
The identity operation is the simplest of all -- do
nothing! It may seem pointless to have a symmetry
operation that consists of doing nothing, but it is very
important. All objects (and therefore all molecules) at
the very least have the identity element.
 Any
Questions????
Thank
you