Mainbelt Asteroids

AS3141 Benda Kecil dalam Tata Surya

Prodi Astronomi 2007/2008
B. Dermawan
 Solar System
Formation (1)
Early stages (a-d)
A lot of steps between d and e
Protoplanetary disk is hot near the Sun
and cold far from the Sun,
condensation of gas depending on
temperature
Formation and growth of planetesimals
(strongly dependent on relative
velocity)
Formation of terrestrial and giant
planets
Early Jupiter prevents planetesimals
growth in its neighborhood origin of
asteroids
 Solar System
Formation (2)
Comets originate in the Kuiper-belt at
about 40 AU from the Sun
Long-period comets are scattered into
Oort cloud, disturbed and isotropized
by the influence of passing stars and
the galactic bulge
Short-period comets go directly from
Kuiper-belt to the inner solar system
Meteorites come from the surfaces of
asteroids and from Mars to the Earth.
Their measurements in the laboratory
has contributed greatly to our
knowledge about solar system
formation
 Discoveries & Numbering
Main Belt (Ceres 1801 dwarf planet 2006)
Near-Earth Objects (Eros 1898)
Trojans (Achilles 1906)
Cometary (Hidalgo 1920)
Centaurs (Chiron 1977)
Trans-Neptunians (Pluto 1930; 1992 QB1 1992)
Minor planet numbers:
(100) in 1868; (1000) in 1923; (10000) in 1999;
(100000) in 2005
25 Oct 07 numbered: 168313, total: 387205
 Topics

Orbits and their evolution

Asteroid families
Asteroids Size Distribution & Collision
Mainbelt resonances
 Orbits & Their Evolution

The vast majority of the

asteroids depicted are in
the main asteroid belt
Trojans are shown
leading and trailing the
position of Jupiter
Aten, Apollo, and Amor
asteroids are seen in the
inner solar system,
crossing the orbits of
Mars and Earth
 Orbits & Their Evolution
Main-belt between 2.1 and 3.3 AU
Kirkwood gaps coincide with resonance locations
relative to Jupiter, which may be unstable or stable
At inner edge of asteroid belt 6 resonance with
Saturns apse rate
~2300 asteroids occupy Jupiter L4 (1242) and L5
(1048) triangular lagrangian points (Trojans),
Martian Trojans (1,3), Saturnian Trojans (6,0)
[13 Nov 07]
Unstable orbits: Amors (1.017 < q < 1.3), Apollos
(q < 1.017, a > 1), Atens (a < 1), all small objects
 Orbital Elements
Time of perihelion
passage, T
Semimajor axis, a
Eccentricity, e
Inclination, i
Argument of perihelion,
Longitude of ascending
node,

Osculating elements and Ascending
their epoch node

Periodic and secular

perturbations
 Proper Elements

Over time spans of ~105 yr

a remains on the average constant
e and i show periodic oscillations, coupled to
variations of and , respectively
(ep,ip) are proper elements
Histograms 25 Oct 2007
SDSS Colors of MBAs
Ivezi et al. 2002

a* 0.89(g-r) + 0.45(r-i) 0.57

 Asteroid Families
SDSS, Ivezi et al. 2002
Osculating & Proper Orbital Elements

a detailed calculation

Observed at a particular epoch. Practically constant over tens to
Not constant in time caused by hundreds of million of years
gravitational perturbations
 Asteroid Family

Objects (fragments) obtained from disruption of a

common parent body in a catastrophic collision
~35 % of asteroids in the main-belt are family members

Identification:
Get some knowledge about the collisional evolution
in the Main-belt
Obtain information about the internal structure of the
parent body
 Satisfactory Methods
Hierarchical Clustering Method (HCM)
(Zappala et al. 1990, 1995)
Wavelet Analysis Method (WAM)
(Bendjoya et al. 1993, 1997)

Both methods:
Imply heavy computational time;
Require ad-hoc parameters or threshold
definitions
Decomposition

Families

Background
Asteroids

Nesvorn et al. 2005

 Terminologies
Cluster: the most prominent grouping
Clumps: few members but clearly distinct from the
background
Clans: merge very gradually into the background
density (complex group)
Tribes: less statistically significant against the
background
Interlopers: temporarily resides in a family/cluster
 Families among MBAs
0.3
Tunica
Faina Maria Brasilia
Kilopi Meliboea
Juno Theobalda

Eunomia Nele Naema Asta

0.2 Dejanira Adeona Vincentina
Laodica
Eos 1985 RU1
sin i

Bower Chloris
Ceres Veritas
1981 EO19
Vesta Rafita Dora
Flora Nocturna
0.1 Simpson Jerome Erigone 4945
Merxia
Sulamitis
Hoffmeister
Augusta
Amneris Bernes Hanko Ceplecha
Nemesis
Hygiea
1965 SB
Tsurugistan 1981 Vibilia Aeolia Liberatrix
Polana EO82 Henan Karin
Reginita
Taiyuan
Themis
Nysa Hestia Misa Lydia
1981 UC1 Massalia Astrid
Koronis
0
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
Families are indicative of collisional
process between asteroids a [au]
 The Age of Asteroid Family
Craters counting + production rate
(rare visits + unknown constrained factors)
Track the orbital evolution of the family members backwards
in time
(limited to families < 10 Myr)
Compare the evolution model of the size freq. distribution with
observations
(poorly unknown some parameters)
Deduce from the spin axis distribution of a family
(certain special circumstances)
Calculate the dispersing time via Yarkovsky thermal forces
(unknown initial ejection velocities)
 Nesvorn et al. 2005

Asteroid
Families
 Young Asteroid Families
Nesvorn et al. 2003

293 Brasilia 80 95 C/X ~50

606 Brangane 30 30 S ~50

Nesvorn et al. 2005

Size Distribution & Collisional Evolution
N(R) = N0(R/R0)-, for Rmin < R < Rmax
A population of evolving bodies will at the end
arrive at a power law size distribution with = 3.5,
provided the collision process is self-similar
= 3.5 implies that most of the mass is in the
largest body and most of the surface area in the
smallest bodies

Collision:
Vesc from Ceres = 0.6 km s-1. Thus, most collisions
are eruptive or destructive
Families with similar a, e, and i
Dust bands
 Asteroid Collision (1)

Distance traveled in time T: VT

Volume cut out by the target area: R2VT
Number of collisions: N = R2VTn
Average time between collisions: t 1
R 2Vn
 Asteroid Collision (2)
Typical relative velocity: V 5 km/s
Estimate the Main Belt volume by a donut at
2.5 AU from the Sun with a cross-sectional
radius = 0.55 AU volume ~ 51025 km3
Total number of asteroids larger than a given
radius R:
R > 1 km ~ 5105
R > 10 km ~ 2103
R > 100 km ~ 35
 Size Distribution

Nine estimates

Davis et al. 2002

Size Dist. of
MBA Families

Shallower slopes
than the background

Morbidelli et al. 2003

 Resonance: General Types
Spin-orbit resonance: a commensurability of the
rotation period of a satellite with the period of its
orbital revolution
Secular resonance: a commensurability of the
frequencies of precession of the orientation of orbits
(direction of perihelion and of the orbit normal)
Mean motion resonance: the orbital periods of two
bodies are close to a ratio of small integers
 Spin-orbit Resonance (1)
o Ex: spin-locked state of the Moon, most natural
satellites (Pluto-Charon, Saturn-Titan), binary stellar
systems
o 1:1 spin-orbit resonance (synchronous spin state)
o For a non-spherically shaped satellite (principal moment
of inertia: A < B < C, is the orientation relative to the
direction of periapse of the orbit, f = f(t) is the true
anomaly, and r = r(t) is the distance from the planet),
equation of motion (e.o.m):
3( B A)
3 cos 2 f ;
GM
r 2C
 Spin-orbit Resonance (2)

Rotational symmetry (B = C): no torque from the

planet and the satellites spin in unperturbed
If B C and the orbit is circular, e.o.m is similar
to that of the common pendulum
The width of the 1:1 spin-orbit resonance (n is
the orbital mean motion) is

2 2n
 Spin-orbit Resonance (3)
Case when the orbit is non-circular and
small eccentricity
n 2 sin 2 nt 12 esin 2 nt 7 sin 2 nt e 2
Two new terms corresponding to the 1:2 and the
3:2 spin-orbit resonances
The width of the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance is a factor
(7e/2) smaller than the 1:1
Ex.: the 3:2 spin orbit resonance of Mercury
(88d:59d)
 Orbital Resonances (1)
Three degrees of freedom: three angular variables
[1] the motion of the planet: the frequency revolution
around the Sun,
[2] orientation of the orbit in space: the slow
frequencies of precession of the direction of
perihelion and the pole of the orbit plane
For a multi-planet system: secular resonances
involves commensurabilities amongst [2]; mean
motion resonances are commensurabilities of [1]
 Orbital Resonances (2)
Most cases: a clear separation of [1] & [2] time
scales
A coupling between [1] & [2] chaotic dynamics

The boundaries (or separatrices) of mean

resonances are often the site for such interactions
between secular and mean motion resonances
Ex. of hybrid resonance (a commensurability of a
secular precession frequency with an orbital mean
motion): the angular velocity of the apsidal
precession rate of a ringlet within the C-ring of
Saturn is commensurate with the orbital mean
motion of Titan the Titan 1:0 apsidal resonance
 Mean Motion Resonance (MMR)

First order
resonance
n / n ~ e 2
2 1
3

Second order
resonance
n / n ~ e
1
2 2

Malhotra 1998
 MMR (2)
o Mean motion commensurabilities amongst the
Jovian and Saturnian satellites
o No exact resonance in the Uranian satellites
system
o The role of the small but significant splitting of
MMR and the interaction of neighboring
resonances
o Destabilize a previously established resonance
MMR lifetimes
 MMR (3): Stability

Stable

Unstable
MMR (4): chaotic diffusion
Nesvorn et al. 2002

2J:1 & 3J:1 MMR

MMR (5): MBAs global structure
Overlapping MMR causes chaotic orbits
Stable chaos: have strongly chaotic orbits yet are
stable on long interval time (three-body resonances)
Nesvorn et al. 2002
MMR (6): MBAs global structure
Each resonance corresponds to one V-shaped region
except the large first-order MMRs with Jupiter
Nesvorn et al. 2002
 Secular Resonances (1)

A planetary precessing ellipse of fixed semimajor

axis, ap, eccentricity, ep, and precession rate p g p
g0 is proportional to the mass of the
perturbing planet and is also a function
of the orbital semimajor axis of the
particle relative to that of the planet
Secular resonance occurs when g0
equals gp
Effect: to amplify the orbital eccentricity
of the particle
 Secular Resonances (2)
Specific secular resonance: Kozai resonance, or
Kozai mechanism
1:1 commensurability of the secular precession rates
of the perihelion and the orbit normal such that the
argument of perihelion is stationary (or librates)
Requires significant orbital eccentricity and
inclination (causes coupled oscillations)
Well known ex.: Pluto whose argument of perihelion
librates about 90 deg.
 Secular Resonances (3)

Empty zones along

resonant surfaces
Isolation of groups
(Hungaria, Phocaea)

Carruba & Michtchenko 2007

New Result (Carruba & Michtchenko 2007)
Identifying families: Frequency approach
New Result (Carruba & Michtchenko 2007)
Eos

Koronis