Radiasi Elektromagnetik

AS3100 Lab. Astronomi Dasar I

Prodi Astronomi 2007/2008
B. Dermawan

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Spektrum Elektromagnetik

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Nick Strobels Astronomy
 Informasi Astrofisika (1)

Tujuan astrofisika: Menggambarkan,

memahami dan memprediksi fenomena fisis
yang terjadi di alam semesta
Materi alam semesta: rapat/renggang,
panas/dingin, stabil/tidak stabil
Informasi yg diterima pengamat ditransformasikan
menjadi sinyal sbg basis klasifikasi ini

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 Informasi Astrofisika (2)
Tujuan observasi: Strategi dalam rangka
mengumpulkan informasi astrofisika
Menyusun variabel/parameter fisis yang diukur;
menganalisis informasi agar tidak over-interpreted
atau terbuang; menyimpan informasi guna telaah
di masa datang
Tiap teknik observasi filter informasi yg
menghasilkan citra, spektrum, kurva cahaya, dll.
pada suatu daerah panjang gelombang

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 Kurir Informasi Astrofisika (1)
Radiasi elektromagnetik berkaitan dengan kondisi fisis
sumber
Keadaan dan gerak partikel, atom, molekul atau bulir
debu: temperatur, tekanan, medan magnet

Nick Strobels Astronomy

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 Nick Strobels Astronomy

Perambatan radiasi e.m. dipengaruhi oleh kondisi

sepanjang lintasan:
kurvatur lokal alam semesta, distribusi lokal materi
(lensa gravitasi), serapan dan hamburan selektif
(ekstingsi) materi antar bintang dan atmosfer bumi 6
 Kurir Informasi Astrofisika (2)
Materi
Lna et al. 1996
Berkas kosmis (cosmic-rays)
Terdiri atas elektron, inti atom dari
proton hingga inti berat
Berasal dari proses energi tinggi di
galaksi (ledakan supernova).
Partikel bermuatan ini berinteraksi
dgn medan magnet galaksi
Kelimpahan elemen
distribusi spasial sangat isotropik di tata surya

Kelimpahan elemen relatif thd

Silikon (Si=100) berkas kosmik
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energi rendah (70-280 MeV per inti)
Malasan, priv. com

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 Meteorit (meteorites)
Ukuran : mikroskopik berat beberapa ton
Saat dihasilkan:
Kini : oleh angin matahari
Masa lalu:
pembentukan tata surya
reaksi energi tinggi di permukaan bintang (ledakan
nukleosintesis)
Awal alam semesta (kelimpahan helium dlm berkas
kosmik)

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 Kurir Informasi Astrofisika (3)
Neutrino n p e e ,
Interaksi lemah p n e e

pp pn pn ,
Interaksi kuat nn np np ,
pp pp 0 , np np 0
e:elektron, e+:positron
n : neutron, p: proton
e:neutrino elektron
e: anti neutrino elektron
+,,0: pions/pi-mesons
dg muatan +1,-1,0
+,: muons/mu-mesons
dg muatan +1,-1,
: neutrino muon
Lna et al. 1996
: anti-neutrino muon
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Pengaruh pada Pencitraan Astronomis

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 Kurir Informasi Astrofisika (4)
Gravitational Waves
As the black holes, stars, or galaxies orbit each other, they
send out waves of gravitational radiation" that reach the Earth
A more massive moving object will produce more powerful
waves, and objects that move very quickly will produce more
waves over a certain time period

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NASA NASA
 Kurir Informasi Astrofisika (5)

Observation in situ
Allows local measurements
To experiment in the same way as a physicist,
a chemist, or a biologist

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 Apakah Cahaya Itu?
Sifat gelombang & partikel Malasan, priv. com

Sifat partikel dominan Sifat gelombang dominan

Interferensi
Polarisasi

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Cahaya Kasat Mata Malasan, priv. com

Radiometri/Fotometri bertautan
dg pengukuran radiasi kasat
mata
CIE 1931 Standard Observer:
Acuan berdasar pd respons
rata-rata mata di bawah
iluminasi normal dan medan
pandang 2

Tiga komponen model warna:

Lightness: Transformasi hitam putih
Hue ; Transformasi putih hitam
Saturation: jarak dari sumbu lightness
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 Radiasi Ultraviolet
UV-A :
Disebut juga cahaya hitam
Paling tak berbahaya
Menyebabkan material fluoresensi
berpendar kalau diradiasi
Aplikasi dalam fototerapi (medis)
UV-B :
Bentuk radiasi yg paling destruktif
Penyebab kanker kulit
Penapis alamiah: Lapisan Ozon
UV-C :
Diserap sempurna oleh atmosfer
Foton UV-C menumbuk Oksigen Malasan, priv. com
Ozon
Aplikasi dalam purifikasi air dan
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udara (dg lampu UV-C)
 Radiasi Inframerah
Radiasi dengan muatan energi foton ter-rendah
Umumnya dideteksi dengan detektor termal

Malasan, priv. com

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 Daya Radiasi EM
Watt (W) Satuan fundamental daya optik: hc
Q
laju energi 1 joule (J) per detik

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Malasan, priv. com
Zang 2006

Light: spectrum and color

Newton found that the white light from the Sun is composed of
light of different color, or spectrum (1670)

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Zang 2006

Light has wavelike property

Youngs Double-Slit Experiment indicated light behaved as a
wave (1801)
The alternating black and bright bands appearing on the screen
is analogous to the water waves that pass through a barrier with
two openings

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Zang 2006

Light is Electromagnetic Radiation

The nature of light is electromagnetic radiation

In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in
describing all the basic properties of electricity and
magnetism in four equations: the Maxwell equations
of electromagnetism.
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Zang 2006

Radiation depending on Temperature

A general rule:
The higher an objects temperature, the more intensely the object
emits electromagnetic radiation and the shorter the wavelength
at which emits most strongly

The example of heated iron bar.

As the temperature increases
The bar glows more brightly
The color of the bar also
changes

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Zang 2006

Blackbody Radiation
Hot and dense objects act like a blackbody
Stars, which are opaque gas ball, closely approximate the
behavior of blackbodies
The Suns radiation is remarkably close to that from a blackbody
at a temperature of 5800 K

A human body at room temperature 23

The Sun as a Blackbody emits most strongly at infrared light
Zang 2006

Blackbody Radiation: Wiens Law

Wiens law states that the dominant wavelength at which
a blackbody emits electromagnetic radiation is inversely
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the object

For example
The Sun, max = 500 nm T = 5800 K
Human body at 37 degrees Celcius, or 310 Kelvin
max = 9.35 m = 9350 nm 24
Zang 2006

Blackbody radiation:
Stefan-Boltzmann Law

The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that a blackbody radiates

electromagnetic waves with a total energy flux F directly
proportional to the fourth power of the Kelvin temperature T
of the object:
F = T4
F = energy flux, in joules per square meter of surface per second
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 X 10-8 W m-2 K-4
T = objects temperature, in kelvins

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Zang 2006

Dual properties of Light:

(1) waves and (2) particles

Light is an electromagnetic radiation wave, e.g, Youngs

double slit experiment
Light is also a particle-like packet of energy - photon
Light particle is called photon
The energy of phone is related to the wavelength of light
Light has a dual personality; it behaves as a stream of
particle like photons, but each photon has wavelike
properties

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Zang 2006

Dual properties of Light: Plancks Law

Plancks law relates the energy of a photon to its
wavelength or frequency
E = energy of a photon
h = Plancks constant
= 6.625 x 1034 J s
c = speed of light
= wavelength of light
Energy of photon is inversely proportional to
the wavelength of light
Example: 633-nm red-light photon
E = 3.14 x 1019 J
or E = 1.96 eV
eV: electron volt, a small energy unit = 1.602 x 1019 J

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Zang 2006

Spectral Lines
The Suns spectrum: in addition to the rainbow-colored continuous
spectrum, it contains hundreds of fine dark lines, called spectral
lines (Fraunhofer, 1814)

A perfect blackbody
would produce a smooth,
continuous spectrum
with no dark lines

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Zang 2006

Spectral Lines
Bright spectrum lines can be seen when a chemical substance is
heated and vaporized (Kirchhoff, ~1850)

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Zang 2006

Each chemical element has its own

unique set of spectral lines.

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Zang 2006

Kirchhoffs Laws on Spectrum

Three different spectrum: continuous spectrum, emission-line
spectrum, and absorption line spectrum

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Zang 2006

Bohrs Model of Atom

Absorption is produced when electron absorbs incoming
photon and jumps from a lower orbit to a higher orbit
Emission is produced when electron jumps from a higher
orbit to a lower orbit and emits a photon of the same energy

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Zang 2006

Bohrs Atomic Model for Hydrogen

The strongest hydrogen
spectral line from the
Sun, H line at 656 nm,
is caused by electron-
transition between n = 3
orbit and n = 1orbit

Lyman series lines:

between n = 1 orbit and
higher orbits (n = 2, n = 3,
n = 4,)

Balmer series lines:

between n-2 orbit and
higher orbits (n = 3, 4,
5,)
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Zang 2006

Doppler Effect
Doppler effect: the wavelength of light is affected by
motion between the light source and an observer

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Zang 2006

Doppler Effect
Red Shift: The object is moving away from the observer, the
line is shifted toward the longer wavelength
Blue Shift: The object is moving towards the observer, the
line is shifted toward the shorter wavelength
D/o = v/c
D = wavelength shift, o = wavelength if source is not moving,
v = velocity of source, c = speed of light

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Nick Strobels Astronomy