DEEP Foundations

Foundations

Shallow Deep
Foundations Foundations

What is deep foundation?

 When to Use Deep Foundations?

Upper soils are weak, structural loads are high;

Required spread footings are too large

Upper Soils are subject to scour or undermining

Foundation must penetrate through water

Need large uplift capacity

Need large lateral load capacity

 CONT.
In offshore structures
When strong uplift forces on shallow
foundations due to shallow water table can be
partly transmitted to Piles.
For structures near flowing water (Bridge
abutments, etc.) to avoid the problems due to
erosion.
 Types of Deep Foundations

Piles long slender columns either driven, bored or cast-in-situ.

Drilled Shafts If the diameter of a bored-cast-in-situ pile is greater than

about 0.75 m, it is sometimes called a drilled shafts.
Caissons If the diameter of a bored-cast-in-situ pile is greater than about
0.75 m, it is sometimes called a caissons.
Mandrel driven shells Thin corrugated steel shells driven into ground and
filled with concrete

Auger Cast Piles Drill a slender cylindrical hole with hollow-stem auger
and then pump grout through auger hole while auger is slowly retracted

Pressure Injected Footings Cast in place concrete that is rammed into the
soil using a drop hammer
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer
the load of the structure to the bearing ground
located at some depth below ground Surface.
pile cap and the piles are the main components of the
foundation
 Functions of Piles

Pile foundations are generally used:

 Classification of piles
Piles can be classified by different criteria, such as
their material (e.g. concrete, steel, timber), their
method of installation (e.g. driven or bored), the
degree of soil displacement during installation, or
their size (e.g. large diameter, small diameter).

However, in terms of pile design, the most

appropriate classification criteria is the behaviour of
the pile once installed (e.g. end bearing pile, friction
pile, combination pile).
Classification of piles
 Timber piles
TYPICAL LENGTHS : 5 to 20 m.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS : ASTM D25
MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 5 to 8 kN/m2 (on pile toe area).
Driving Stress: 3 x Design Stress.
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS: 10 to 55 tons.
DISADVANTAGES :
Difficult to Splice.
Vulnerable to Damage at Head and Toe in Hard Driving.
Vulnerable to Decay (intermittently submerged) Unless Treated.
ADVANTAGES:
Comparatively Low Initial Cost.
Easy to Handle.
Resistant to Decay (permanently submerged).
REMARKS :Best Suited for Friction Piles in Granular Soils.
 H-Pile Overview (steel piles)
TYPICAL LENGTHS: 5 to 40 m.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
ASTM A-36 (Fy 250 kN/m2) or
ASTM A-572, A-588, or A-690 (Fy 350 kN/m2)
MAXIMUM STRESSES:
Design Stress: 0.25 to 0.33 Fy
Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS: 45 to 225 tons.
DISADVANTAGES:
Vulnerable to Corrosion.
Not Recommended as Friction Pile in Granular Soils.
ADVANTAGES: Available in Various Lengths and Sizes.
Easy to Splice.
High Capacity.
Low Soil Displacements.
May Penetrate Larger Obstructions with Driving Shoes.
 Open end pipe pile 0verview
TYPICAL LENGTHS : 5 to 45 m or greater.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
ASTM A-252, Grade 2 or 3 (Fy = 250 or 320 kN/m2)
ACI 318 - for concrete (if filled)
ASTM A-36 or A-572 - for core (if used)
MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.25 Fy to 0.33 Fy (on steel) + 0.40 fc (on
concrete, if filled)
Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS : 80 to 1500 tons.
DISADVANTAGES : Vulnerable to Corrosion.
ADVANTAGES :
Available in Various Lengths, Diameters & Wall Thicknesses.
Pile Can be Cleaned Out and Driven Deeper.
High Capacity.
Low Soil Displacements.
Easy to Splice.
High Bending Resistance on Unsupported Length.
Closed End Pipe Pile Overview
 Prestressed Concrete Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS: 10 to 40 m.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
ACI 318 - for concrete.
ASTM A-82, A-615, A-722 & A-884 - for reinforcing steel.
ASTM A-416, A-421, A-882 - for prestress.
MAXIMUM STRESSES Design Stress: 0.33 fc - 0.27 fpe (on gross
concrete area) fc - fpe (in compression)
3 - fc + fpe (in tension)
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS: 45 to 500 tons.
DISADVANTAGES :
Relatively High Breakage Rate.
Soil Displacement.
Can be Difficult to Splice.
ADVANTAGES :
High Load Capacity.
Corrosion Resistance Obtainable.
Hard Driving Possible.
Cylinder Piles Well Suited for Bending Resistance.
Concrete Piles
 COMPOSITE PILES
TYPICAL LENGTHS 15 to 60 m
 PIER FOUNDATION
Piers are also one of the deep foundations these are large diameter massive columns or
shafts, with and without a bottom spread, installed by placing concrete in situ, after
excavating a deep hole in to the ground.
The basic difference b/n pile and pier is massiveness of piers and slenderness of piles.
Piers may be classified as;
a. Hand excavated pier or shaft, made by
1. Gow method
2. Chicago method
3. Hong kong method
A) Drilled pier (large diameter bored pile), cased or incase
B) Pipe pier (driven cylinder) solid or hollow

THE END OF THE COURSE

THANK YOU!!!!
GOOD LUCK!!
LOAD TRANSFERRING MECHANISM
The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the soil is
complicated.
Pile foundations are deep foundations and that the soil fails
mostly in a punching mode.
CONT
ESTIMATING PILE CAPACITY: STATIC METHOD
POINT LOAD CAPACITY OF PILE: GENERAL
BEARING CAPACITY APPROACH
POINT LOAD CAPACITY OF PILE:
MEYERHOFS (1976) METHOD
POINT LOAD CAPACITY OF PILE: VESICS
(1977) METHOD
PILE LOAD CAPACITY OF RESTING ON ROCK
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PILE: IN SAND
CONT
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PILE IN CLAYS:
CONT
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PILE IN CLAY:
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PILE IN CLAY:
ALLOWABLE PILE CAPACITY
 ESTIMATING PILE CAPACITY: DYNAMIC
METHOD
It is based on the principle of dynamic energy imparted to the pile through a
hammer is utilized in driving the pile in to the ground. i.e. energy is wasted in
the form of losses.
a. Engineering News (EN) Record formula
is derived from the principle of work- energy theory. That is;
Energy imparted by the hammer per blow=
(Pile resistance) (Penetration per hammer blow)
Where:
Qu=ultimate pile resistance
WR = weight of the ram
h = height of fall of the ram
S = penetration of the pile per hammer blow.i.e. is
usually based on the average value obtained from the
last few driving blows.
C= Constant coefficient and its value recommended
as:-
For drop hammers,
C= 25.4 mm if S and h are in mm
For steam hammers
C= 2.54 mm if S and h are in mm
 CONT
A factor of safety FS = 6 was recommended for estimating the allowable
pile capacity.
For single and double- acting steam hammers WR.h=E.HE
Where:
E= is the hammer efficiency
HE= is the rated energy of the hammer

b. Modified EN formula
Where:
E = efficiency of hammer
C = 2.54 mm if the unit of S and h are in mm
Wp = weight of the pile
n = coefficient of restitution between the ram
and the pile cap
 CONT

c.Janbus formula (Janbu, 1953)

PILE LOAD TEST
CONT
CONT
CONT
 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
is a downward drag force on a pile by the soil surrounding it.
 CONDITIONS FOR EXISTENCE NEGATIVE SKIN
FRICTIONS
a. If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer into
which a pile is driven, the fill will gradually consolidate.
b. If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay
c. Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical effective
stress on the soil at any depth, which will induce consolidation
settlement in clay.
 METHODS FOR ESTIMATIONS OF NEGATIVE
SKIN FRICTIONS
I. Clay Fill over Granular Soil
Similar to the negative (downward) skin stress on the pile
is given by:
 CONT
II. Granular Soil Fill over Clay
In this case, the negative skin stress on the pile may exist from
z=0 to z=L1, which is referred to as the neutral plane. The
neutral depth may be given as (Bowles, 1982):-

For end- bearing piles, the neutral depth may be assumed to be

located at the pile tip (i.e., L1 = L Hf),
The unit negative skin friction at any depth from z =0 to z =L1 is:-
CONT
 METHODS TO REDUCE DOWNWARD DRAG FORCE
Coat piles with bitumen (reducing adhesion)
Use a large diameter predrilled hole, reducing lateral earth
pressure (K)
Use a pile tip larger than diameter of pile, reducing K
Preload site with fill prior to driving piling
 ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILES
The total settlement of a pile under a vertical working load Qw is
given by:-
 ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF PILE
If the pile material is assumed to be elastic, the deformation of the pile
shaft can be evaluated by principle of mechanics:-
DISTRIBUTION OF UNIT FRICTION (SKIN) RESISTANCE

Settlement of a pile caused by the load carried at the pile point

 CONT
Settlement of a pile caused by the load carried by the pile shaft
 PILE GROUPS
In most practical situations, piles are used in groups
to transmit the structural load to the soil.
A pile cap is constructed over group piles which may or
may not be in contact with the ground or well above the
ground, as in the case of off shore platforms.
If the pile cap is in contact with the ground, part of load
will be transferred directly to the soil.
Determining the load- bearing capacity of group piles is
extremely complicated and has not yet been fully
resolved.
When the piles are placed close to each other in a
group, a reasonable assumption is that the stresses
transmitted by the piles to the soil will overlap,
reducing the load- bearing capacity of the piles.
 CONT
Ideally, the piles in a group should be spaced so that the load-
bearing capacity of the group is not less than the sum of the
bearing capacity of the individual piles.
In practice, the minimum center to center spacing, s, varies
between 2.5 D to 5 D.
The cost of the pile cape is increased considerably if this spacing is
more than 3.5 D.
The ratio Qg(u) to nQu is called the group efficiency or group
efficiency factor.
 CONT
The efficiency factor is usually less than 1.
If piles driven into a loose, coarse- grained soil tend to
densify the soil around the piles and EF could exceed 1.
Also if the spacing is large enough so that the piles
act an individual pile in the group, then the value of EF
may be greater than 1.
GROUP EFFICIENCY
ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF GROUP PILES IN SATURATED CLAY
CONT
 ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES
In general, the settlement of a group pile under a similar working
load increases with the width of the group (Bg) and the center-to-
center spacing of the piles (d).

By Vesic (1960):-
CONT
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES
 CONT
The consolidation settlement of a group pile in clay can be
determined by using the 2:1 stress distribution method.
The calculation involves the following steps:-
Let the depth of embedment of the piles be L. The group is
subjected to a total load of Qg.
Assume that the load Qg is transmitted to the soil beginning at
a depth of 2L 3 from the top of the pile.
Calculate the increase in effective stress caused at the middle
of each soil layer by the load Qg.
 CONT
Calculate the consolidation settlement of each layer caused by
the increased stress.

The total consolidation settlement of the group piles

 LATERALLY LOADED PILES
Laterally loaded vertical piles
Deep foundations must also commonly support lateral loads in
addition to axial loads.
Sources include:
Wind loads
Impacts of waves & ships on marine structures
Lateral pressure of earth or water on walls
Cable forces on electrical transmission towers
A large number of load tests have fully validated that vertical
piles can carry lateral loads via shear, bending, and lateral soil
resistance rather than as axially loaded members.
It is also common to use superposition to compute pile stresses
when both axial and lateral loads are present.
The degree of distribution of the soils reaction depends on (a)
the stiffness of the pile, (b) the stiff of the soil, and (c) the fixity
of the ends.
 CONT
Laterally loaded piles can be divided into major categories:-
short or rigid piles
long or elastic piles

Nature of variation of pile deflection, moment, and shear force for (a) a rigid
pile and (b) an elastic pile.
 LATERALLY LOADED PILE IN NON- COHESIVE SOILS

Elastic Solution
Consider a pile of length L subjected to a lateral force Qg and a
moment Mg at the ground surface =0), the soil reaction in the direction
opposite to the pile deflection can be written as:- d 4x
Ep I p 2 p
dx

(a) Laterally loaded pile, (b) soil resistance on pile caused by lateral load,
(c) sign convention for displacement, slope, moment, shear, and soil reaction.
 CONT

Using the theory of beams on an elastic foundation, we can write:-

CONT
CONT
 CONT
For L 5T long pile use Table -1 on handout
For L 2T rigid pile
CONT
SOLVED PROBLEMS