SUSTAINABLE DRILLING OF

OIL & GAS WELLS

 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of drill rig is to drill a hole in the

ground. The hole purpose is to tap an oil and
gas reservoir.Rigs operate both on land and
sea offshore . Drilling rigs are large and noisy
and it has many pieces of equipments and
most of its are huge.
FORMATION OF OIL

Oil and gas are naturally

occurring hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons and their
associated impurities occur in
rock formation that are usually
buried thousands of feet or
meters below the surface.
EXPLORATION OF OIL
 FINDING OIL

Examine the surface rocks and terrain

with the help of satellite images.
Use sensitive gravity meters to measure
tiny changes in earths gravitational
field that could indicate flowing oil.
Use sesimology,creating shock waves
that pass through hidden rock layers
and interpreting the waves that are
reflected back to surface.
 THE DRILL SITE

Once the location for the site has been

established ,the area is prepared for
drilling with following steps:

1. Site preparation
2. Conductor rathode
3. Transport equipments
DRILLING TECHNIQUES

HORIZONTAL DRILLING
VERTICAL DRILLING
 RIGS
ONSHORE OR LAND RIGS MOBILE OFFSHORE RIGS

LIGHT DUTY BOTTOM SUPPORTED

MEDIUM DUTY SUBMERSIBLE
HEAVY DUTY JACKUP
VERY HEAVY DUTY FLOATING UNITS
SEMI SUBMERSIBLE
DRILL SHIPS
 RIG COMPONENTS

POWER SYSYTEM
HOISTING SYSTEM
ROTATING SYSTEM
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
 POWER SYSTEMS

Large diesel engines-every drilling rig uses

internal combustion engine as a prime power
source and diesel is used as fuel in that.

Electrical generators powered by diesel engine to

provide electrical power.
HOISTING SYSTEM
 ROTATING SYSTEMS
Rotating equipment turns the bit.
The rotating system consist of 3
equipments:
A rotary table & Kelly
A top drive , and
A down hole motor
 ROTARY TABLE SYSTEM
The turnable in the
rotary table rotates the
master bushing ; the kelly
drive bushing rotates the
attached Pipe and swivel
suspends the pipe allows
it to rotate and has a
passage for drilling mud
to enter the kelly and pipe
 TOP DRIVES
Top drive is a device with a
powerful built in motor that turns
the pipe and bit. The motor turns
a threaded drive shaft , which the
crew inserts in to top of the drill
string , it rotates the drill string
and the bit.
DOWN HOLE MOTORS

A down hole motor rotate the bit

without rotating the entire string
of pipe. Rig often use down hole
motor to drill directional holes
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
 THE DRILL STRING

The drill string consist of drill pipe and heavy

walled pipe called drill collars, are metal tubes
through which the drilling fluid is pumped.
Drill collars are heavy because they are used
in the bottom part of string to put weight on
the bit. This weight presses down the bit so the
bit cutters can bite in to the formation and
drill it.
 DRILL BIT
A bit has teeth or cutter which removes rocks as bit
drills

Tricone or three roller bit Fixed head bits

Steel teeth Natural diamond
Tungsten carbide inserts Poly crystaline diamond
type
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
HOW DRILLING IS DONE??
 RUNNING AND CEMENTING
CASING
Casing that is cemented has
following advantages in drilling
purpose:

Prevent contamination of
fresh water well zones.
Seals off high pressure
zone from the surface ,
avoiding potential for blow
out.
Provide a stronger upper
foundation to use high
density drilling fluid to
continue drilling deeper.
HOW CEMENTING THE
CASING IS DONE ??
FORMATION EVALUVATION

Examining cutting & drilling mud

Well logging
Drill stem testing
Coring
 COMPLETING THE WELL

The operating company carefully considers

the data it obtains from the test. Then it
decides weather to set production casing or
liner and complete the well or to plug and
abandon it.
 SETTING PRODUCTION
CASING
The casing and cementing crew runs cement a
string of casing in the well almost to the
bottom of the hole.The production casing
and cement actually seals off the production
zone.
 PERFORATING

To provide a way for oil and gas to get from

the formation and into well, a special gun
shoots several relatively small hole in the
string . These holes or perforation , pierce
the casing and cement around the casing.
Formation fluid which include oil & gas ,
flow through this perforation and in to
well.
 RUNNING TUBING AND
INSTALLING CHRISTMAS TREE
The completing rig crew places small
diameters pipe called tubing inside the well.
Then the crew install a collection of fitting
and valves called a cristmas tree on top of
the well . Valves on the cristmas tree allow
the operator to control the amount of
production. Usaually , once the crew installs
the cristmas tree , the well is complete.
 EXTRACTION OF OIL
After the rig is removed , a
pump is placed on the well
head . In the pump system
an electric motor drives a
gear box that moves a lever.
This pushes and pulls the
polishing rod up and down.
The polishing rod is
attached to the sucker rod ,
which attached to a pump.
This system forces the
pump up and down creating
a suction that draws oil up
through the well.