RESERVOIR GEOSCIENCE

PDB 2012
Mr. Muhammad Azfar Bin Mohamed
Block L
7091

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 RECAP

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 Types and origin of rocks.

3 types of rocks, rock cycle

Formation of sedimentary rocks.

weathering transportation deposition

compaction/lithification - cementation

Types of sedimentary rocks.

clastic and non-clastic (chemical & biological)

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 Rock composed mainly of
silicate particles from weathering
of rocks
Clastic (siliciclastic)
- Sandstones
- Mudstones (shales)
- Conglomerates

Chemical/Biochemical
- Carbonates
- Siliceous Oozes/Cherts
- Evaporites

Fig. A classification scheme for sediments and sedimentary rocks. Nichols (2009)

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 Fundamentals of Reservoir Geology
Classification of sedimentary rocks

Sediment texture
Sand and sandstones

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 Learning Outcomes

Students should be able to:

Differentiate sedimentary rocks based on texture

Relate sediment texture & fabric with reservoir quality.

Comprehend the different types of sandstone.

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 Outline

Classification of sedimentary rocks

Sediment texture
Sand and sandstones

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 Sedimentary Texture
Sediment texture refers to the shape, size and arrangement of grains in a sedimentary
rock.

Textures can be clastic, where they are composed of grains from pre-existing rocks
(allochthonous grains) or crystalline, where the crystals (grains) grow from a fluid
producing an interlocking mosaic of crystals.

Textures are primary, where the grains possess their arrangement that existed after
they came to rest (or after precipitation in the case of crystals).

In sedimentary rocks, however, textures are commonly secondary, because they have
been altered in some way from their original condition, the most common effect is
compaction.
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 Detrital (Clastic Texture)

Chemical (CrystallineTexture)

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 Texture of conglomerate
Conglomerate beds are rarely composed entirely of gravel-sized material.
- smaller grains between big grains (matrix).
- If there is a high proportion (over 20%) of matrix, the rock may be referred to as a
sandy conglomerate or muddy conglomerate.

The arrangement of the sizes of clasts in a conglomerate can also be important in

interpretation of depositional processes.
- A deposit that is made up of boulders overlain by cobbles and then pebbles may indicate
a flow that was decreasing in velocity.

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 (a) (b)

Fig (a) A clast-supported conglomerate: the pebbles are all in contact with each other, (b) matrix-supported conglomerate:
each pebble is surrounded by matrix.

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 Sedimentary Texture: Classification
Sedimentary Texture:
Grain Size
Grain Sorting
Grain Shape
Grain Roundness
Crystalline (Coarse, Fine)

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 Sedimentary Texture: Classification
Grain Sorting

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 - Poorly sorted sediments comprise very different particle sizes, resulting in a dense rock
fabric with low porosity. As a result, the connate water saturation is high, leaving little
space for the storage of hydrocarbons. Conversely, a very well sorted sediment will have
a large volume of space between the evenly sized components, a lower connate water
saturation and hence a larger capacity to store hydrocarbons.

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Sorting?, ?, k ?
 Sedimentary Texture: Classification
Grain Shape
Particle shape is difficult to quantify or
describe. Shape is commonly described with
reference to three axes at 90 to each other that
can theoretically be placed inside any particle.

Shape is some cases reflects erosional

processes (how the rock broke up with
weathering and transportation), but may also
reflect structures and fabrics present in the parent
rock. Shale, for example, will commonly produce
flat particles, whereas quartzite (metamorphosed
sandstone) will be more equant.

Fig. The four main classes of grain shape, which are based upon the ratios of the
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long, intermediate and short diameters of any particle (after Zingg, 1935).
 Sedimentary Texture: Classification
Grain Roundness
Roundness (or angularity) refers to how smooth or sharp are the edges of particles.

Conglomerate
Breccia

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 Detrital Sedimentary Rock Identification
Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks

Grai n Size Roundne ss Sorting Composi tion Name

Moderate to
Rounded Fragme nts of any rock type CONGLOMER ATE
poor
Gravel-sized
(> 2 mm)
Moderate to
Angular Fragme nts of any rock type BRECCIA
poor

QUAR TZ
Rounded Well All Quartz - usually white to tan
SANDSTONE
Moderate to
Sub-
poor (few Feldspar (usually orthoclase), micas, ARKO SE (Arkosic
rounded to
Sand-sized grains quartz, and other minerals Sandstone)
Angular
(visible grains >2mm)
up to 2 mm)
Sub- Moderate to Quartz, lithic fragments, and other LITHI C
rounded well mine rals SANDSTONE

Rounded to Quartz and rock fragments mixed GRAYWA CKE

Moderate
angular with >15% clay; often gray colored SANDSTONE

Silt-sized (to small to Clay and quartz (but usually too

Well SILTSTONE
(feels gritty) see) small to see)

Clay (but usually too small to see);

MUDS TONE
Massive
Clay-sized (to small to
Well
(feels smooth) see)
Clay (but usually too small to see);
SHALE
Breaks into semi-flat layers
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 Textural maturity
As particles are transported from a source area to a basin, they become overall smaller in size,
better rounded, more spherical, and better sorted. This is referred to as textural maturity.

As more mechanical energy is applied to transported sediment, the sediment will pass through
the following four stages sequentially:

Immature stage - Submature stage - Mature stage - Supermature stage.

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 Textural maturity
Immature stage: The sediment contains more than 5% clay and sand grains are poorly
sorted and angular.
Submature stage: The sediment contains less than 5% clay and sand grains are poorly
sorted and subangular to subrounded.
Mature stage: The sediment contains little to no clay and sand grains are well sorted but
not well rounded.
Supermature stage: Sediment contains no clay and sand grains are well sorted and well
rounded.

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 Sandstone

Sand may be defined as a sediment consisting primarily of grains in the size range 63
m to 2 mm and a sandstone is defined as a sedimentary rock with grains of these
sizes.
Sand grains are formed by the breakdown of preexisting rocks by weathering and
erosion and from material that forms within the depositional environment.
Full description of a sandstone usually includes some information concerning the
types of grain present.
- micaceous sandstone, calcareous sandstone, etc.

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 Sandstone

Most sandstones are classified on the basis of

how much quartz (50 - 60% framework),
feldspar (10-20% of the framework), rock
fragments, and matrix they contain.
Sandstones
20 to 25% of all sedimentary rocks.

Fig. Classification of sandstone based on composition (Folk, 1980)

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 Sandstones: Classification
Arenites - grain supported, well sorted sandstones (<5% matrix)
1. quartz arenite
extensive chemical weathering product of multiplere cycling, mature
Marginal marine facies (beach, offshore)
2. feldspathic arenite (>25% arkose )
limited chemical weathering either very cold and dry climate, or rapid
erosion and deposition
3. lithic (rock fragments) arenites
limited chemical weathering - mountainous region, rapid transport
alluvial fans, orother fluvial environment
4. Wackes - abundant matrix, poorly sorted (>15% matrix): Deep water facies
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 The Pettijohn sandstone
classification combines textural
criteria, the proportion of muddy
matrix, with compositional
criteria, the percentages of the
three commonest components of
sandstone: quartz, feldspar and
lithic fragments.

Fig. The Pettijohn classification of sandstones (Pettijohn 1975).

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 Quartz arenite
Sandstone Arkose (Sandstone)

Lithic Sandstone Greywacke

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 Sandstones Under Microscope

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 cont...

Constituents of sandstones
Grains: Sand Size Detrital

Grains Matrix: Silt and Clay Size

Detrital Material Cement: Material precipitated post-depositionally, during burial between
grains.
Pores: Voids among the above components.

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 Fig. Sketch explaining the textural components and the possible composition of grains, matrix and cement. Interstitial
spaces correspond to pores and throats between pores.
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 Summary

Texture can be classified as primary and secondary.

Sedimentary rocks textures are commonly secondary.

Grain size, roundness, and sorting are basic elements to differentiate clastic

sedimentary rocks.

Most sandstones are classified on the basis of how much quartz, feldspar, rock

fragments, and matrix they contain.

Sandstone, <15% matrix, can be classified as quart arenite, lithic arenite, and arkose.

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 Thank You

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