Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DC and AC Machines
Introduction
DC Machines
DC Motor DC Generator
DC Machines Construction
Rotor of a DC machine
DC Machines Construction
Stator of a dc machine
DC Machines Fundamentals
Stator: is the stationary part of the machine. The
stator carries a field winding that is used to
produce the required magnetic field by DC
excitation.
Rotor (Armature): is the rotating part of the
machine. The rotor carries a distributed winding,
and is the winding where the e.m.f. is induced.
Field winding: Is wound on the stator poles to
produce magnetic field (flux) in the air gap.
Armature winding: Is composed of coils placed in
the armature slots.
Commutator: Is composed of copper bars,
insulated from each other. The armature winding is
connected to the commutator.
Brush: Is placed against the commutator surface.
Brush is used to connect the armature winding to
external circuit through commutator
DC Machines Fundamentals
In DC machines, conversion of energy from
electrical to mechanical form or vice versa results
from the following two electromagnetic phenomena
Generator action:
An e.m.f. (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it
moves through a magnetic field.
Motor action:
A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field
Any DC machine can act either as a generator or
as a motor.
DC Machines Equivalent Circuit
The equivalent/modelling circuit of DC machine
has two components:
Armature circuit:
It can be represented by a voltage source and a
resistance connected in series (the armature
resistance). The armature winding has a
resistance, RA.
2. Shunt DC Motor
Field and armature windings are either connected in
parallel.
3. Series DC Motor
Field and armature windings are connected in series.
4. Compound DC Motor
Has both shunt and series field so it combines features
of series and shunt motors.
Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor
IF
VF IL IA
RF
VT E A I A RA
2. Shunt DC Motor
VT
IF
RF
IL I A IF
VT E A I A RA
3. Series DC Motor
VT E A I A ( RA RS )
I A IS IL
4. Compound DC Motor
VT I A IL IF
IF
RF
VT E A I A ( RA RS )
Important terms in DC motor
equivalent circuit
VT supply voltage
EA internal generated voltage/back e.m.f.
RA armature resistance
RF field/shunt resistance
RS series resistance
IL load current
IF field current
IA armature current
IL load current
n speed
Speed of a DC Motor
For shunt motor For series motor
n 2 E A 2 1 n2 E A 2 1
n1 E A1 2 n1 E A1 2
If 2 1 , then n2 E A 2 I A1
n2 E A2
n1 E A1 I A 2
n1 E A1
Flux, produce proportional
If Constant field excitation, to the current produce
means; if1 = if2 or constant
flux; 1 = 2
Example 1
A 250 V, DC shunt motor takes a line
current of 20 A. Resistance of shunt field
winding is 200 and resistance of the
armature is 0.3 . Find the armature
current, IA and the back e.m.f., EA.
Solution
Given parameters:
Terminal voltage, VT = 250 V
Field resistance, RF = 200
Armature resistance, RA = 0.3
Line current, IL = 20 A
Figure 1
Solution (cont..)
IL I A IF
V T 250V
the field current, IF 1.25A
RF 200
Figure 2
Solution (cont..)
(a) When the input current is 100A, the armature
current in the motor is
VT
I A IL IF IL
RF
250V
100 A
50
100 A 5 A 95 A
Therefore, EA at the load will be
E A VT I A RA
250V (95 A)(0.06 )
250 V 5.7 V
244.3V
Solution (cont..)
The resulting speed of this motor is
n2 E A2
n1 E A1
E A2
n2 n1
E A1
244.3V
1200 r / min
250V
1173 r / min
Solution (cont..)
(b) When the input current is 200A, the armature
current in the motor is
VT
I A IL IF IL
RF
250V
200 A
50
200 A 5 A 195 A
Therefore, EA at the load will be
E A VT I A RA
250V (195 A)(0.06 )
250 V 11.7 V
238.3 V
Solution (cont..)
The resulting speed of this motor is
n2 E A2
n1 E A1
E A2
n2 n1
E A1
238.3V
1200 r / min
250V
1144 r / min
Solution (cont..)
(c) When the input current is 300A, the armature
current in the motor is
VT
I A IL IF IL
RF
250V
300 A
50
300 A 5 A 295 A
Therefore, EA at the load will be
E A VT I A RA
250V (295 A)(0.06 )
250 V 17.7 V
232.3 V
Solution (cont..)
The resulting speed of this motor is
n2 E A2
n1 E A1
E A2
n2 n1
E A1
232.3 V
1200 r / min
250 V
1115 r / min
Example 3
The motor in Example 2 is now connected in
separately excited circuit as shown in Figure 3. The
motor is initially running at speed, n = 1103 r/min
with VA = 250 V and IA = 120 A, while supplying a
constant-torque load. If VA is reduced to 200 V,
determine
i). the internal generated voltage, EA
ii). the final speed of this motor, n2
Example 3 (cont..)
Figure 3
Solution
Given quantities
EA = VT - IARA
= 250 V (120 A)(0.06 )
= 250 V 7.2 V
= 242.8 V
Solution (cont..)
ii) Use KVL to find EA2
EA2 = VT - IA2RA
Figure 4
Solution (cont..)
When the armature current increased, Ia2 = 55
A, the back emf
n2 E A 2 1
EA2 = V Ia2 (RA + RS) n1 E A1 2
= 200 55(0.2 + 0.3) n2 E A2 I 1
= 225 V n1 E A1 I 2
E A2 I1
n 2 n1
E A1 I 2
225 20
800
240 50
The speed of the motor on new load 300 r / min
Solution (cont..)
For initial load, the armature current, Ia1 = 20 A and
the speed n1 = 800 r/min
2. Shunt DC Generator
Field and armature windings are either connected in
parallel.
3. Series DC Generator
Field and armature windings are connected in
series.
4. Compound DC Generator
Has both shunt and series field so it combines
features of series and shunt motors.
Equivalent circuit of DC generator
Separately excited DC generator
IL IA IF
VF
RF
VT EA I A RA
Shunt DC generator
IL I A IF IF
VT
RF
VT EA I A RA
Series DC generator
IL IS I A
VT E A I A ( RA RS )
Shunt DC generator
IL I A IF IF
VT
RF
VT EA I A RA
Example
A DC shunt generator has shunt field winding
resistance of 100. It is supplying a load of 5kW at
a voltage of 250V. If its armature resistance is
0.02, calculate the induced e.m.f. of the
generator.
Solution
Given quantities
Terminal voltage, VT = 250V
Field resistance, RF = 100
Armature resistance, RA = 0.22
Power at the load, P = 5kW
Solution (cont..)
I A IL IF
V T 250V
The field current, IF 2.5A
RF 100
P 5000 W
The load current, IL 20A
VT 250V
The armature current, IA = IL + IF = 20A + 2.5A = 22.5A
Efficiency
Pout
x100%
Pin
Pout Ploss
x100%
Pin
The losses that occur in DC machine can be
divided into 5 categories
Pf I R f
2
f
Ia = armature current
If = field current
Pa I Ra
2
a
Ra = armature
resistance
Rf = field resistance
Power Losses
Pout = VTIL
For generator
The Power Flow Diagram
Pout app
For motor
Example
25000
0.9113 @ 91.13%
25000 2431.5
AC Machine Fundamentals &
Induction Machines
INDUCTION MACHINE
The induction machine is the most rugged and the most
widely used machine in industry.
Like dc machine, the induction machine has a stator and a
rotor mounted on bearings and separated from the stator
by an air gap.
However, in the induction machine both stator winding and
rotor winding carry alternating currents.
The induction machine can operate both as a motor and as
generator
As motors, they have many advantages.
They are rugged, relatively inexpensive and require very
little maintenance.
They range in size from a few watts to about 10,000 hp.
The speed of an induction motor is nearly but not quite
constant, dropping only a few percent in going from no load
to full load.
The main disadvantages of induction motors are
End ring
Wound Rotor
Most motors use the squirrel-cage rotor because of the
robust and maintenance-free construction.
However, large, older motors use a wound rotor with three
phase windings placed in the rotor slots.
The windings are connected in a three-wire wye.
The ends of the windings are connected to three slip rings.
Resistors or power supplies are connected to the slip rings
through brushes for reduction of starting current and
speed control
Induction Motor Components
BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPT
sync - m
s x 100%
sync
nm (1 - s)n synx
m (1 - s) synx
THE ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY CONCEPT
Like a transformer, the primary (stator) induces a
voltage in the secondary (rotor) but unlike a
transformer, the secondary frequency is not
necessary the same as the primary frequency.