By

D.MAHESH
16031D6006
EGM
 Microwave scattering
1)surface scattering
2)volume scattering
Types of microwave remote sensing

1)Active microwave sensing

2)passive microwave sensing
Radar works and its equation

Applications
Surface scattering i
r
A surface is classified as
smooth or rough by Smooth surface
comparing its surface height
deviation with wavelength.
Smooth h < /32 cos()
For example at 1.5 GHz
Moderately rough
and = 60 deg.,
surface
h < 1.25 cm

Very rough surface

 Rough surface scattering
10

-10
coefficient, dB
Scattering

Rough surface

-20

Slightly rough surface

-30

Relatively smooth surface

50
10 20 30 40
0

Incidence angle,
deg
Volume scattering
Material is i r

inhomogeneous such as
Snow
t
Firn
Vegetation
Multiyear ice
i r

t
Surface scattering models
Geometric optics model
Surface height standard deviation is large compared to
the wavelength.
Small perturbation model
Surface height standard deviation is small compared to
the wavelength.
Two-scale model
Developed to compute scattering from the ocean
Small ripples riding on large waves.
Microwave remote sensing covers EM spectrum in the
range from approximately 1mm to 1m
Because of their long wavelengths, compared to the
visible and infrared, microwaves have special
properties that are important for remote sensing.
Longer wavelength microwave radiation can
penetrate through cloud cover, haze, dust, and all
but the heaviest rainfall as the longer wavelengths are
not susceptible to atmospheric scattering which affects
shorter optical wavelengths.
This property allows detection of microwave energy
under almost all weather and environmental conditions
so that data can be collected at any time
 Passive RS Active RS
Natural (EMR from Sun) Technological Assisted
Radiation

RS using senors transmitted

RS using reflected solar
radiation
radiation

RS using emitted terrestrial

radiation
 Active microwave sensors provide their
Own source of microwave radiation to
illuminate the target
The most common form of imaging
active microwave sensors is RADAR.
RADAR is an acronym for RAdio
Detection And Ranging
RADAR transmits a microwave (radio)
signal towards the target and detects the
backscattered portion of the signal.
The strength of the backscattered signal
is measured to discriminate between
different targets and the time delay
between the transmitted and reflected
signals determines the distance (or
range) to the target
Passive microwave sensing is similar in concept to thermal remote sensing.
All objects emit microwave energy of some magnitude, but the amounts are
generally very small.
A passive microwave sensor detects the naturally emitted microwave energy within
its field of view. This emitted energy is related to the temperature and moisture
properties of the emitting object or surface.
Because the wavelengths are so long, the energy available is quite small
compared to optical wavelengths. Thus, the fields of view must be large to detect
enough energy to record a signal.
Most passive microwave sensors are therefore characterized by low spatial
resolution.
Applications of passive microwave remote sensing include meteorology, hydrology,
and oceanography
 A radar is essentially a ranging or distance
measuring device.
It consists fundamentally of a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna, and an
electronics system to process and record the data.
The transmitter generates successive short bursts (or pulses of microwave (A) at
regular intervals which are focused by the antenna into a beam (B). The radar
beam illuminates the surface obliquely at a right angle to the motion of the
platform.
The antenna receives a portion of the transmitted energy reflected (or
backscattered) from various objects within the illuminated beam (C).

By measuring the time delay between the transmission of a pulse and the
reception of the backscattered "echo" from different targets, their
distance from the radar and thus their location can be determined
Pulse radar: The round-trip time for the radar pulse
to get to the target and return is measured. The
distance is proportional to this time.

Continuous wave (CW)

radar
 Radar cross section
2
Es
characterizes the size of the Lim R 4R 2
2
object as seen by the radar.
Ei

Where

Es = scattering field r r 2

Ei = incident field
 Applications

Civilian
Military
Navigation and Navigation and
tracking tracking
Search and
surveillance Search and
surveillance
Imaging &
Mapping Imaging &
Weather Mapping

Sounding Weather
Probing
Proximity fuses
Remote sensing
Counter measures
 Applications

Flood mapping, Snow mapping, Oil Slicks

Sea ice type, Crop classification,

Forest biomass / timber estimation, tree height

Soil moisture mapping, soil roughness mapping /

monitoring
Wave height monitoring

Crop yield, crop stress

Flood prediction

Landslide prediction
 Research and application of microwave technology to

remote sensing of

Oceans and ice

Solid earth and Natural hazards..

Atmosphere and precipitation.

Vegetation and Soil moisture

 Global precipitation mission
Will consist of a primary spacecraft and a constellation.
Primary Spacecraft
Dual-frequency radar.
14 and 35 GHz.
Passive Microwave Radiometer

Constellation Spacecraft
Passive Microwave Radiometer
 Thank You