A speaker carries out nomination to

collaboratively and productively establish a

topic.
When you employ this strategy, you try to open
a topic with the people you are talking to.
When beginning a topic in a conversation,
especially if it does not arise from a previous
topic, you may start off with news inquiries and
news announcements as they promise extended
talk.
 Most importantly, keep the
conversational environment open for
opinions until the prior topic shuts
down easily and initiates a smooth
end. This could efficiently signal the
beginning of a new topic in the
conversation.
 It refers to any limitation you may have as
a speaker.
When communicating in the classroom, in a
meeting, or while hanging out with your
friends, you are typically given specific
instructions that you must follow. These
instructions confine you as a speaker and
limit what you can say.
For example, in your class, you might be asked by
your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or
deliver a speech on digital natives. In these cases,
you cannot decide to talk about something else.
On the other hand, conversing with your friends
during ordinary days can be far more casual
than these examples. Just the same, remember to
always be on point and avoid sideswiping from
the topic during the conversation to avoid
communication
breakdown.
Sometimes people are given unequal
opportunities to talk because others take much
time during the conversation. Turn-taking pertains
to the process by which people decide who takes
the conversational floor. There is a code of
behavior behind establishing and sustaining a
productive conversation, but the primary idea is
to give all communicators a chance to speak.
 Remember to keep your words relevant and
reasonably short enough to express your views or
feelings.
Try to be polite even if you are trying to take the
floor from another speaker.
Do not hog the conversation and talk incessantly
without letting the other party air out their own
ideas.
To acknowledge others, you may employ visual
signals like a nod, a look, or a step back, and you
could accompany these signals with spoken cues
such as What do you think? or You wanted to
say something?
Topic control covers how procedural
formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations. For
example, in meetings, you may only have a
turn to speak after the chairperson directs
you to do so. Contrast this with a casual
conversation with friends over lunch or
coffee where you may take the
conversational floor anytime.
 Remember that regardless of the formality of
the context, topic control is achieved
cooperatively. This only means that when a
topic is initiated, it should be collectively
developed by avoiding unnecessary
interruptions and topic shifts.
You can make yourself actively involved in the
conversation without overly dominating it by
using minimal responses like Yes, Okay, Go
on; asking tag questions to clarify information
briefly like You are excited, arent you?, It
was unexpected, wasnt it?; and even by
laughing!
 Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
from one topic to another. In other words, it is where
one part of a conversation ends and where another
begins.
When shifting from one topic to another, you have to
be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic
was nurtured enough to generate adequate views.
You may also use effective conversational transitions to
indicate a shift like By the way, In addition to what
you said, Which reminds me of, and the like.
 Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation. For example, if
everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the
same time, give way and appreciate others initiative
to set the conversation back to its topic.
Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a
problem in understanding the conversation, speakers
will always try to address and correct it. Although this
is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
 It refers to the conversation participants close-
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as
well.
Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to
signal the end of the topic through concluding cues.
You can do this by:
* sharing what you learned from the conversation
* soliciting agreement from the other participants usually
completes the discussion of the topic meaningfully.