Bit of Administration .

Reading
BSNV Chaps. 9 and 15

No Mathieu office hours today (Monday)!

Additional observations for Lab 2, through April 5

Due April 7 in lecture or April 9 at Mathieu office

12-week exam in two weeks - April 12, 7:15 pm

Review session, Sunday, April 11, 6:30 pm
 The Solar System
A Sense of Scale

Around Earth Around Europe

0.1
Distance to Moon Distance to North America
 The Solar System
A Sense of Scale
 The Solar System
A Sense of Scale
 The Solar System
Inventory

Sun 99.85% by mass

Planets 0.1 % by mass
Satellites and Rings
Asteroids
Comets
Meteroids
Dust
Solar Wind (ionized gas)
 The Solar System
Inventory - Sedna
 The Solar System
General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical

Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric)

 The Solar System
General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical

Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric)

All orbit within 10o of Earths orbital plane
 The Solar System
General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical

Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric)

All orbit within 10o of Earths orbital plane
All revolve in the same direction
All rotate in the same direction (except Venus)
 The Solar System
General Characteristics of Major Planets - Radius
 The Solar System

General Characteristics of Major Planets - Age

Earth - Oldest rocks 3.9 billion yr (4.5 billion yr inferred)

Moon - 4.5 billion yr
Meteorites - 4.6 billion yr
Sun - 4.6 billion (theoretical)
Universe - 12 billion yr
 The Solar System
General Characteristics of Major Planets - Physical Properties
Terrestrial 7 Giant Satellites Jovian

Location Inner Outer Outer

Size Small (104 km) Small (4000 km) Large (105 km)
Mass 0.1 - 1.0 MEarth 0.01 MEarth 15 - 300 MEarth
Density 5 gm cm-3 2-3 gm cm-3 1 gm cm-3
Appearance Rock with craters, Rock, ice with craters, Gaseous, with
volcanos volcanos rock cores
Composition Heavy elements Heavy elements, ices Hydrogen, helium

Notes:

1) Densities: Rock = 3 gm cm-3, Water = 1 gm cm-3

2) Composition of Sun and Universe by numbers of atoms:

Jupiter94% H, 6% He, 2%Saturn
all else Uranus Nepture

Mercury Io Venus Europa Earth

Ganymede Mars
Callisto
The Formation of the Solar System
 The Formation of the Solar System
Interstellar Clouds

By Mass

73% Molecular Hydrogen

25%Atomic Helium
2% Dust (Metals)
 ConcepTest!

The Taurus clouds are thought to be rather cold, with

temperatures of perhaps 30 K. If you wanted to test this
hypothesis by looking for light emitted by the Taurus clouds, in
what wavelength would you want to observe?

A) X-ray
B) Ultraviolet
C) Optical
D) Infrared
E) Radio
 The Formation of the Solar System
Dense Molecular Cores
(Bok Globules)

1 Mo
50,000 AU
10 oK
The Formation of the Solar System
 The Formation of the Solar System

Protoplanetary Disks

0.01 Mo
100 AU
3000 -> 10 oK
The Formation of the Solar System
 The Formation of the Solar System
Condensation Sequence
Condensation Temperature
Temperature at which Solid Gas

T > 50 oK T > 200 oK T > 1000 oK

Hydrogen (H) Gas Gas Gas

Helium (He)

H20, Methane (CH4)

CO2, Ammonia (NH3) Ice Gas Gas

Iron (Fe), Silicon (Si)

Rock Rock Gas
Metal Compounds
 The Formation of the Solar System
Condensation Sequence

M V E M J

1000 K 200 K
No Grains Rock Rock, Ice
Grains Grains
The Formation of the Solar System
 The Formation of the Solar System
Grain Collisions ==> Planetesimals (100 km)
random

100 km
 The Formation of the Solar System

Planetesimal Accretion ==> Rocky Planets and Jovian Cores

gravity
 The Formation of the Solar System

Gas Accumulation ==> H and He onto Jovian Cores

gravity

Protomoons
 ConcepTest!

Most comets have orbits that take them well beyond Jupiter. You
would expect their composition to be:

A) Rocks and heavy elements only

B) Rocks and ices only
C) Rocks, ices, and hydrogen and helium
The Formation of the Solar System
 The Formation of the Solar System
Dispersal of Hydrogen and Helium Gas
Solar Wind?
Jets?