Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By :
Citra Devi M., ST., MT.
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KONSEP SISTEM TRANSMISI
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The attenuation or loss is a decrease between two points of
an electric, electromagnetic or acoustic power.
Transmission loss
The ratio, expressed in decibels, of the transmitted power (Pt )
to the received power (Pr ):
L = 10 log (Pt / Pr ) dB
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The gain is the increase between two points of an electric,
electromagnetic or acoustic power.
Antenna gain
Amplifier gain
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Antenna gain
G = 10 log (P0 / Pa ) dB
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In transmission engineering, most often it would be rather
impractical to characterize the magnitude of signals directly by
a numerical value in volts or watts.
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The use of the decibel and
of relative levels
in speechband telecommunications
RECOMMENDATION ITU-T- G-100.1
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Definition of the decibel
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Daya, Tegangan dan Arus
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P1 and P2 are two powers, their ratio expressed in decibels is:
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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (1)
Gain
dB Power Ratio Voltage Ratio
0 1.00 1.00
1 1.26 1.12
2 1.58 1.26
3 2.00 1.41
4 2.51 1.58
5 3.16 1.78
6 3.98 2.00
7 5.01 2.24
8 6.31 2.51
9 7.94 2.82
10 10.00 3.16
20 100.00 10.00
30 1000.00 31.62
40 10000.00 100.00
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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (2)
Loss
dB Power Ratio Voltage Ratio
0 1.0000 1.0000
1 0.7943 0.8913
2 0.6310 0.7943
3 0.5012 0.7079
4 0.3981 0.6310
5 0.3162 0.5623
6 0.2512 0.5012
7 0.1995 0.4467
8 0.1585 0.3981
9 0.1259 0.3548
10 0.1000 0.3162
20 0.0100 0.1000
30 0.0010 0.0316
40 0.0001 0.0100
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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (3)
dB
Ratio Power Voltage
1 0.00 0.00
2 3.01 6.02
4 6.02 12.04
8 9.03 18.06
10 10.00 20.00
16 12.04 24.08
32 15.05 30.10
64 18.06 36.12
100 20.00 40.00
128 21.07 42.14
256 24.08 48.16
512 27.09 54.19
1000 30.00 60.00
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Absolute power level :
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It is necessary for the reference power to be
indicated by a symbol:
when the reference power is one watt, the
absolute power level is expressed in
decibels relative to one watt and the
symbol dBW is used;
when the reference power is one milliwatt,
the absolute power level is expressed in
decibels relative to one milliwatt and the
symbol dBm is used.
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Contoh
dBm = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 mW
dBm = 10 Log ( power / 1mW )
dBW = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 W
dBW = 10 Log ( power / 1W )
power output = 20 W
= 10 Log (20W/1W)
= 13 dBW
= 10 Log (20.000mW/1mW) = 43 dBm
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dBm, dBW, Watt & milliWatt
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Voltage & Current Ratio
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Absolute voltage level
The absolute voltage level is the ratio, generally expressed in
decibels, of the voltage of a signal at a point in a transmission
channel to a specified reference voltage.
Lu = 20 log (U1 / U2 ) dB
Lp = 10 log (P1 / P2 ) dBm
Lu = Lp + 10 log (R / 600)
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dBmV
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dBmV
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Absolute level of an electromagnetic field
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Power density
Definition:
Quotient of a power by another quantity, for example, an area,
a bandwidth, a temperature.
NOTE 1 :
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The quotient of a power by a frequency bandwidth is called
power spectral density and can be expressed in watts per
hertz (symbol: W Hz1 or W/Hz).
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The quotient of a power by a temperature, used particularly in
the case of noise powers, has no specific name.
NOTE 2 :
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Absolute power density level
Definition :
Expression in logarithmic form, usually in decibels, of the ratio
between the power density at a given point and a reference
power density.
NOTE 1 :
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Similarly, if one watt per hertz is chosen as the spectral
reference power density, the absolute spectral power density
levels are expressed as decibels with respect to one watt per
hertz (symbol: dB(W/Hz)).
For example,
the absolute spectral density levels of the fluxdensity are
expressed as decibels with respect to one watt per square
metre and per hertz for which the symbol is: dB(W/(m2 Hz).
Some examples are: dB(W/(m2 MHz) and dB(W/(m2 4 kHz).
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Sound pressure level
This is the logarithm, generally expressed in decibels, of the
ratio of sound pressure and a reference pressure, often
20 Pa.
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Contoh contoh perhitungan
Konsep transmisi
( Loss & Gain )
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attenuation, loss :
1. A decrease between two points of an electric, electromagnetic
or acoustic power.
2. The quantitative expression of a power decrease, by the ratio
of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to
power in a well-defined manner.
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LOSS
1000 Watt
Kabel
Input Output = ?
Loss = 10 dB = 10 x
Power Output = Power Input : Loss
= 1.000 Watt : 10 = 100 Watt
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GAIN (PENGUATAN)
1 Watt 2 Watt
Amplifier
Input Output
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GAIN (PENGUATAN)
1 Watt
Amplifier
Input Output =?
Gain = 6 dB = 4 x
Power Output = Power Input x Gain
Power Input = 1 Watt = 30 dBm
Power Output = 1 Watt x 4 = 4 Watt
Power Output = Power Input + Gain
= 30 + 6 = 36 dBm
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Model Sistem Komunikasi Listrik
PowerOutput :
1 mW = Loss Power Input :
0 dBm 10 dB - 10 dBm
Media
Pemancar Penerima
Transmisi
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Model Sistem Pemancar
Power Input
Power Output
27 dBW Gain = 10 dB
1 kW = 30 dBW
Loss = 3 dB
Pemancar Antena
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effective radiated power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction )
The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain
relative to a half-wave dipole in a given direction.
Note :
The reference antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW,
is considered to radiate an e.r.p. of 1 kW in any direction in
the equatorial plane and produces a field strength of 222 mV/m
at 1 km distance.
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equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) :
The product of the power supplied to the antenna and
the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic
antenna (absolute or isotropic gain).
Note :
The isotropic antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW, is
considered to provide an e.i.r.p. of 1 kW in all directions and
to produce a field strength of 173 mV/m at 1 km distance.
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Model Sistem Pemancar & Penerima
Loss = 2 dB Loss = 3 dB
Power
Pemancar Input = Penerima
-25 dBm
Power Output
1 kW = 60 dBm
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Series Network
G L G
3 dB 5 dB 3 dB
S N1 N2 N3 T
10dBm
13 8 11
dBm dBm dBm
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Macam macam Media Transmisi
Kabel tembaga
RK K
A
CTL (catuan langsung) N
T
PRIMAIR(100 1600 pair) RK O
R
RK (200 pelanggan) A
N
SECUNDAIR
KP 10 20 plg KP KP
saluran penanggal max 250 m . Semua kabel
berdiameter 0,6 mm.
Contoh JARLOKAT Rumah
Masalah masalah dalam Jar lok at
Sambungan kabel
Satu gulung kabel ( haspel ) primair max 100 m
Digelar digorong gorong jalan ( kabel bawah tanah)
Perlu penyambungan yang dilakukan dalam Man Hole
Man Hole akan terendam air, maka penyambungan harus baik dan
terlindung( kedap air ). kalau tidak akan cross talk.
Ada pompa udara dari sentral kedalam kabel primair
Masalah saluran penanggal
Kena benang layang - layang luka, kena udara , karat dan putus.
Saluran penanggal diperkuat oleh kawat besi.
Redaman dalam Jar lok at
7.5 dB 14 dB 7.5 dB
30dB
Contoh perhitungan Jar lok At
SUBCRIBER
RADIO TERMINAL Telephone
BASE STATION
SENTRAL LOKAL
(lOCAL EXCHANGE)
RADIO TOWER
(ANTENA)
HANDHLED
Telephone
c. Sistem radio multi akses
Telephone
Telephone
SUBCRIBER
RADIO TERMINAL
BASE STATION
SENTRAL LOKA L
(lOCAL EXCHANGE)
RADIO TOWER
(ANTENA) Telephone
Telephone
REPEATER
Telephone