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Extra Chapter:
Environmental
Chemistry
Temperature varies
greatly with altitude.
Pressure is highest at
the surface and
decreases with
height.
Fluctuations in
pressure are a
driving force of
weather.
Radiation
here {
Aurora
Formed
The atmosphere is
the first line of
defense against
radiation from the
Sun.
Composition of the Atmosphere
The composition of
gases in the
atmosphere is not
uniform.
Lighter gases tend to
rise to the top.
What is the maximum wavelength of light, in nanometers, that has enough energy per
photon to dissociate the O2 molecule which has a dissociation energy of 495 kJ/mol?
SAMPLE EXERCISE 18.2 Calculating the Wavelength Required to Break a Bond
What is the maximum wavelength of light, in nanometers, that has enough energy per
photon to dissociate the O2 molecule which has a dissociation energy of 495 kJ/mol?
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to determine the wavelength of a photon that has just sufficient energy
to break the double bond in O2.
Plan: We first need to calculate the energy required to break the double bond in one molecule,
then find the wavelength of a photon of this energy.
SAMPLE EXERCISE 18.2 Calculating the Wavelength Required to Break a Bond
What is the maximum wavelength of light, in nanometers, that has enough energy per
photon to dissociate the O2 molecule which has a dissociation energy of 495 kJ/mol?
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to determine the wavelength of a photon that has just sufficient energy
to break the double bond in O2.
Plan: We first need to calculate the energy required to break the double bond in one molecule,
then find the wavelength of a photon of this energy.
Solve: The dissociation energy of O2 is 495 kJ/mol. Using this value and Avogadros number,
we can calculate the amount of energy needed to break the bond in a single O2 molecule:
We next use the Planck relationship, E = h, to calculate the frequency, , of a photon that has this
amount of energy:
Finally, we use the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of light (Section 6.1) to
calculate the wavelength of the light:
Photochemistry =
1. Photodisociation
2. Photoionization
Meelh, 2005.
Oceans
Water, water
everywhere, and not a
drop to drink. Seawater
has too high a
concentration of NaCl for
human consumption.
It can be desalinated
through reverse osmosis.
Reverse Osmosis
Water naturally flows through a
semipermeable membrane from regions of
higher water concentration to regions of
lower water concentration.
If pressure is applied, the water can be
forced through a membrane in the opposite
direction, concentrating the pure water.
Water Purification
CaO and
Al2(SO4)3 are
added to aid in the
removal of very
small particles.
Water Purification
The water is aerated
to increase the
amount of dissolved
oxygen and promote
oxidation of organic
impurities.
Ozone or chlorine is
used to disinfect the
water before it is sent
out to consumers.
Green Chemistry
A superior
alternative might be
dimethyl carbonate.
Reagents
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Metathesis reaction
Ni mining/sulfide minerals
acid mine drainage
Sulfuric acid
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.