Mainz, October 2017

Dr. Joan Garcia-Perales

1 HOW DO PARENTS EDUCATE THEIR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN?
Dimensions, Practices and Styles of parental socialization

2 HOW DOES THE PARENTAL EDUCATIVE STYLE

INFLUENCE TEENAGERS?
self-esteem: academic, social, emotional, family, physical. problem behaviour:
addiction of substances, antisocial behaviour. psychological personality, academy success...

3 Whats the best parenting style to educate

your teenagers? Is there one optimum?
1 HOW DO PARENTS EDUCATE
THEIR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN?
parenting practices and parenting styles

SEE YOU, 29 SITUATIONS

THAN ARE REPRESENTATIVE
OF EVERYDAY FAMILY LIFE

ANALIZED WITH THE

Parental Socialization Scale
ESPA29
 SITUATIONS

THAN ARE REPRESENTATIVE

OF EVERYDAY FAMILY LIFE
COMMENT WITH YOUR PARTNER
WHAT WOULD YOUR PARENTS DO
IF YOU DO THIS
 COMMENT WITH YOUR PARTNER

WHAT WOULD YOUR PARENTS DO

IF YOU DO THIS...
1 1. If I do what he tells me to do
2 3. If somebody comes over to visit and I behave nicely
3 5. If I bring home my report card with good grades

1 2. If I dont study or dont want to do the homework from School

2 4. If I break or ruin something at home
3 6. If I walk around dirty and disheveled

BRAINStORMING. WRITE THE ANSWERS AT THE BLACKBOARD

 In this form we have discovered several parenting practices
Affection,
Dialog,
Indifference,
7 Parenting practices: Detachment,
Verbal scolding,
Physical punishment,
Revoking privileges.

This parenting practices we can organizer in two dimensions.

Acceptance/involvement
Affection, Warm, Responsiveness, Involvement, Assurance, Warmth, Love.

Strictness/imposition
Control, Demandingness, Strict , Domination, Hostility , Inflexibility ,
The dimensions have several levels since low to high. If we cross
the axes we obtain
4 styles of parental socialization (parenting styles)

AUTHORITATIVE: charaterized by the use of high demandingness

and high responsiveness

INDULGENT: Low demandingness and high responsiveness

AUTHORITARIAN: high demandingness and low rensponsiveness

NEGLECTFUL: Low responsiveness and low demandingness

 VERBAL SCOLDING
PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT
+
E
REVOKING PRIVILEGES S
T
R
I
Authoritarian C
N
Authoritative
E
S
Behaviors adapted S to family norms
INDIFFERENCE AFFECTION
_ ACCEPTANCE ignore I NVOLVEMENT
+
Behaviors desadapted Be hard
to family norms
DETACHMENT DIALOG
I
M
P
O
S
Neglectful I
T
Indulgent
I

_N
 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
the socialization, family, adolescence and parental socialization
THE SOCIALISZATION
The socialisation is the interactive process (Arnett, 1995) whereby the individuals that
belong to a society or culture learn and internalise a group of norms, values, principles,
beliefs and forms to perceive the reality, that transmit of a generation to the following
(Whiting, 1970) and allows them integrate in society (Berger and Luckemann, 1995). Socialization,
culture, hominization (Martn-Barbero, 2007).
AGENTS OF SOCIALISATION

FAMILY, SCHOOL, GROUP OF EQUAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA (Freire, 2008;

Garaigordobil, 2011; Rosales, 2010)

THE PRIMARY SOCIALISATION:

The family is the embryo of the socialization, the original point where purchases and
internalises the total system of values of the society in which you lives . (Torregrosa And
Fernndez, 1994)

ADOLESCENCE: Stage
of the human development characterised by deep biolgica changes, psychogial and socials
changes (Coleman, 2003).
THE PARENTAL SOCIALIzATION
In the adolescence, in spite of going in at stake new contexts of socialisation, the family keeps on
being the best context for the education of the children by biological reasons, of time and of
opportunities to control and understand the behaviour of the children (Collins et al., 1997; Lilac et al.,
2006)
 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF PARENTAL SOCIALIZACIN:
RESPONSIVENESS vs DEMANDINGNESS
Parenting styles have traditionally been studied following the classical
two-dimensional orthogonal (independent) model of parental socialization
These two axes have been designated of different forms by the authors:
Acceptance, Involvement, Love, Affection versus Control, Hostility, Rigour,
Severity, Imposition, estrictness.
MODELS OF FAMILIAR SOCIALISATION

SCHAEFER (1959) Identifies the factor control and relates it with the practices like the physical punishment, the
sanctions if behavior is contrary to family norms.

BAUMRIND (1967 et seq.) Identifies three parenting styles : authoritarian, permisive and authoritative (or
democratic) being this last the one who present more psycological adjustment.

MACCOBY And MARTIN (1983) Show two main appearances in the process of parental socialization
(control vs. affection) and obtain 4 parental styles.

LAMBORN, STEINBERG, MOUNTS And DORNBUSCH (1991)

On a sample of teenagers analyse the relation of the 4 styles (authoritarian, neglectful, indulgent and authoritative) with the
psychosocial competitions and the problematic behaviours, concluding that the style authoritative presented better results.

MUSITU And GARCIA (2001) Create the questionnaire Styles of Parental Socialisation (ESPA29)
proposing two-dimensional model with 4 typologies of parental socialization.
HOW TO USE THE QUESTIONAIRE

PARENTING SOCIALIZATION STYLES

ESPA29

. joangp@uv.es
 29 SITUATIONS

THAN ARE REPRESENTATIVE

OF EVERYDAY FAMILY LIFE
 Now, you are going to evaluate your parents,
first your father an then your mother,

use ratings ranging from 1 to 4. VERY IMPORTANT

1 is equivalent to "never"; THE ANSWERS ARE ALWAYS
2 is equivalent to "sometimes"; ANONYMOUS
3 is equivalent to "many times";
4 is equivalent to "always".

HE/SHE SHOWS AFFECTION: This means that your parent congratulates you, tells you that you did
well, that he/she is very proud of you, he/she gives you a kiss, a hug, or any other sign of affection.
HE/SHE SEEMS INDIFFERENT: This means that even though you do things well, he/she does not
care much about you or about the things you do.
HE/SHE TALKS TO ME: This means that when you do something that is not right, he/she makes you
think about your behavior and the reasons why you should not do it again.
ITS THE SAME TO HIM/HER: This means that he/she knows what you have done, and that even if
he/she thinks it is not right, he/she does not tell you anything. He/she assumes its normal for you to
act that way.
HE/SHE SCOLDS ME: This means that he/she scolds you about things that are wrong.
HE/SHE HITS ME: This means that he/she beats you, or that he/she hits you
HE/SHE TAKES SOMETHING AWAY FROM ME: This means that he/she takes away from you
something that he/she normally gives you, for example taking away your weekend allowance, or
giving you less than the regular allowance as punishment; taking away television privileges for
some time; grounding you; locking you up in your room, or things like that.

Use the rating you believe best describes the situation you live at home. First, answer
ALL the FATHERS reactions, and then ALL the MOTHERS reactions.
 He
He Its the He He takes
seems He hits He talks
EVALUATE YOUR FATHER shows
indiffere
EVALUATE YOUR FATHER same to scolds
me
sth away
to me
affection him me from me
nt
2. If I dont study or dont
1. If I do what he tells me to
want to do the
do homework from School

3. If somebody comes over to 4. If I break or ruin

something at home
visit and I behave nicely

5. If I bring home my report 6. If I walk around dirty and

disheveled
card with good grades

WHAT WOULD YOUR PARENTS DO

IF YOU DO THIS
She
She Its the She She takes She
seems She hits
EVALUATE YOUR MOTHER shows
indiffere
EVALUATE YOUR MOTHER same to scolds
me
sth away talks to
affection her me from me me
nt
2. If I dont study or dont
1. If I do what he tells me to
want to do the
do homework from School

3. If somebody comes over to 4. If I break or ruin

something at home
visit and I behave nicely

5. If I bring home my report 6. If I walk around dirty and

disheveled
card with good grades
1 1. If I do what he tells me to do
2 3. If somebody comes over to visit and I behave nicely
3 5. If I bring home my report card with good grades
4 7. If I behave appropriately at home and dont interrupt
5 10. If I come home in the evening at my curfew time, not any later
6 14. If I take care of my belongings and walk around neat and clean
7 16. If I respect the schedules set at home
8 18. If I pick up after myself and take care of things at home
9 22. If my friends or any person says that I am a good classmate
10 23. If the school/institute reports that I am well behaved
11 24. If I study and I do assigned homework and class work
12 27. If I eat everything that is on the table
13 28. If I never miss class and arrive on time everyday
IN ACORDANCE WITH THE FAMILY NORMS
1 2. If I dont study or dont want to do the homework from School/Institute
2 4. If I break or ruin something at home
3 6. If I walk around dirty and disheveled
4 8. If I have broken or spoiled something
5 9. If I bring home my report card with a failing grade
6 11. If I leave home to go somewhere without asking anyone for permission
7 12. If I stay up very late, watching television, for example
8 13. If any of my teachers reports that I misbehave in class
9 15. If they find out that I have lied
10 17. If I stay hanging out with my friends and come home late at night
11 19. If I quarrel with a friend or one of my neighbors
20. If I get furious and lose control over something that turned out wrong or
12
over something that I am not allowed do
13 21. When I dont eat what is on the table
14 25. If I am annoying at home or I dont let my parents watch news or sports
15 26. If I'm disobedient
16 29. If someone comes over to visit and I make noise or am annoying
NOT CONFORM TO FAMILY NORMS
Summary about what we've learned:
1.- Socialization is the process of acquisition of norms, values and beliefs... that allow us
to live in society, because human are social being. Socialization is realized by agents of
socialization.
2.- Family, and in particular the parents, are the main references of socialization in childhood
and adolescence. The educational model will mark us for the rest of our lives.

3.- Parental socialization has two dimensions: responsiveness versus demandingness

(acceptance/involvement vs strictness/imposition) in other words: Warm, Acceptance,
Involvement, Assurance, Warmth, Love, Affection,
VERSUS Control, Strictness, Imposition, Strict , Domination, Hostility , Inflexibility , Restriction ,
Supervision, Discipline , Imposing, Restrictions, Limits

4.- Parenting practices are the way how parents educate their children when their
conduct is adapted or not adapted to the family rules. Affection, Dialog, Indifference,
Detachment, Verbal scolding, Physical punishment, Revoking privileges.

5.- Parenting styles are the set of practices related to the level of affection or control that
parents exercise, and can be: AUTHORITATIVE: high demandingness and high
responsiveness,INDULGENT: Low demandingness and high responsiveness,
AUTHORITARIAN: high demandingness and low rensponsiveness, NEGLECTFUL: Low
responsiveness and low demandingness.
Now weve learnt how can we administrate the questionnaire SPA29 in order
to know parenting styles.

Next point we want to looking for the relation between

parenting style and phycological adjustment (achievement
Academy, self-esteem, problems of behaviour, consumption
drugs).
We will analyse the survey AF5 self-esteem, and I will explain
how to use the SPSS program to introduce our data.

Finally, we will procedure data with SPPS and we will obtain

our outcomes. You will be able to write your theses about whats
the optimum parental socialization style in Germany? Or Was ist
der optimale elterliche Sozialisierungsstil in Deutschland?

Thanks / Danke
 2
HOW DOES THE PARENTAL
EDUCATIVE MODEL
INFLUECE ADOLESCENTS?

In what aspects does it significantly influence

The parenting style?
 3 Whats the best parenting style to
educate your teenagers?
Is there one optimum?
Parenting Styles and Optimum Children's and Adolescents' Outcomes

YOUR CULTURE
Vere dignus et justum est,
aequum et saludare,
nos tibi semper et ubique
gratias agere.
(S. XV)

Joan R. Garcia-Perales