INDUS UNIVERSITY

IITE
M.Tech Structure (Sem-III)

Structural Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridge

(Yet to be decided)

Guided By: Prepared By:

Prof. Tejas N. Rathi Unagar Suketu A.
(Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering Dept.) IU1651180016
 Introduction
The successful application of cable stayed systems was realized only recently,
with the introduction of high strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development
of welding techniques and progress in structural analysis.

A typical cable stayed bridge is a deck with one or two pylons erected above the
piers in the middle of the span. The cables are attached diagonally to the girder to
provide additional supports.

The concept of a cable-stayed bridge is simple. A bridge carries mainly vertical

loads acting on the girder. The stay cables provide intermediate supports for the
girder so that it can span a long distance.

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Load transmission
slab
Tension

Cables

pylons

Pile cap Compression

piles

soil
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Advantages of cable stayed bridges
They are strong.
They take less time to build.
They are more economical.

Disadvantages of cable stayed bridges

They may not be too stable.
They are not ideal for distances that are too far.
Inspection and maintenance may be more difficult.

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Components of cable stayed bridges
1. Towers or pylons
2. Deck System
3. Cable system supporting the deck

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Towers or pylons

The pylons can be arranged to support one axial layer of cable stays or two
lateral layer of cable stays.

Transverse Arrangement of Pylons for Single layer of stays.

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 Transverse Arrangement of Pylons for Two lateral layer of stays.

There are three different solutions possible regarding the support arrangement of
the towers:
1. Towers fixed at the foundation
2. Towers fixed at the superstructure
3. Hinged towers

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 The pylons can be arranged to support one axial layer of cable stays or two lateral
layer of cable stays.

a) A saddle permitting b) The cable stats c) A relay device incorporated

the continuity of fixed to the top of into top of the tower
the cable stay the tower may cross connecting the upper
each other inside anchorages of associated
the pylon cable stays

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 Deck system
The deck can be made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite
steel-concrete.
The choice of material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost of the
construction of cable stayed bridges.

Most cable stayed bridges have orthotropic decks which differ from one another
only as far as the cross-sections of the longitudinal ribs and the spacing of the
cross-girders is concerned.
Cross-girders are usually (1.8-2.5 m) apart for decks stiffened by flexible ribs,
and (4.6-5.5 m) apart in the case of decks stiffened by box-type ribs possessing a
high degree of torsional rigidity.
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 Cable stays
The cables are usually post-tensioned based on the weight of the deck.
The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to minimize both the
vertical deflection of the deck and lateral deflection of the pylons.
The cable stays are made up of high tensile steel of different types with ultimate
tensile strength in the range of 1500 to 2000 N/mm. The different types of cable
stays used are:

The arrangement of cables in the longitudinal direction depends upon several

factors such as clear span, tower height, spacing of towers and level of approach
roads.

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Classification
Fan : stay cables are attached to a single
point at top of each pylon

Harp : cables are parallel, and evenly

spaced along the deck and the pier

Mixed : the cables are distributed over the

upper part of the pylon, which are more
steeply inclined close to the pylon.

Star-shaped : cables are connected to two

opposite points on the pier

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 Selection of cable configuration
The selection of cable configuration and number of cables is dependent mainly on
length of the span, type of loadings, number of roadway lanes, height of towers,
and the designers individual sense of proportion and aesthetics.
Cost also plays important role in deciding the selection.
Using less number of cables increases concentrated load at a single point thereby
requiring additional reinforcement for the deck slab as well as pylon.

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 Positions of the cables in space
Two plane system
Two Vertical Planes System
Two Inclined Planes System
The Single Plane System

(a) Two Vertical Plane (b) Two Inclined Plane (c) Single Plane System

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 Literature Review
Paper 1
Title Seismic Analysis of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges by
an Integrated Finite Strip Method
Author Hamidreza Naderian, Moe M. S. Cheung, Zhenyuan Shen, and
Elena Dragomirescu
Journal Name Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)
Year of Publishing 2016

Abstract This paper provides a very efficient, integrated framework for

seismic analyses of long-span cable-stayed bridges. The
efficiency comes from the dramatic reduction in formation
time and the degrees of freedom (DOF) associated with the
structure, using the integrated finite strip method (IFSM)
along with the application of a very robust and efficient time
history method (THM) using the Newmark scheme for
dynamic analysis of the bridge structure. The results show
that the IFSM can be applied successfully for seismic analysis
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 of long-span cable-stayed bridges, and the analysis can be
performed in a minimal amount of time.
Objective Dynamic analysis of long-span cable-stayed bridge structure using
FEM is complicated and time consuming.
The finite strip method has shown great potential for analyzing
bridge structures. The previous versions of the finite strip method
are limited to modeling the bridge deck only, whereas other
structural components are replaced by assumed boundary
conditions. With the recent developments in the formulation of the
finite strip method, which is achieved through the integrated finite
strip method (IFSM). This study compares the computational
times required by IFSM and FEM analyses.
Scope This study shows that the convergence and accuracy of IFSM in
dynamic analysis of long-span cable-stayed bridges is very high,
which confirms the efficiency and capability of this numerical
technique.

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Methodology The integrated finite strip method (IFSM) along with the
application of time history method (THM) using the Newmark
scheme for dynamic analysis of the bridge structure.

Outcomes/ Complete modeling of a long-span cable-stayed bridge using

Conclusions IFSM and application of the time domain method suggest that the
seismic analysis of a complicated structure can be performed in a
minimal amount of time. The numerical results show that the
convergence and efficiency of the IFSM is very high in comparison
with those of other numerical methods.

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 Literature Review
Paper 2
Title Stay Force Estimation in Cable-Stayed Bridges Using
Stochastic Subspace Identification Methods
Author Seyed Ehsan Haji Agha Mohammad Zarbaf et al.
Journal Name Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)
Year of Publishing 2017

Abstract In this paper, a vibration-based approach for estimating the

cable tension forces in cable-stayed bridges is detailed and
applied to the ambient response of the Veterans Glass City
Skyway Bridge. First, the frequency stabilization diagrams
were derived using the covariance-driven stochastic subspace
identification (SSI-COV) method. Second, natural frequencies
of each stay cable were identified by applying the hierarchical
clustering algorithm to the frequency stabilization diagrams.
Finally, the identified natural frequencies along with
measurable physical and geometrical characteristics of the
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 stay cables were used as input to a cable model that includes
geometric nonlinearity and flexural stiffness to obtain the stay-
cable tensions.
Objective The cable structures are critical component of the bridge include
stayed cables in cable-stayed bridges, a main cable and
suspenders in suspension bridges, and hangers in arch bridges.
These cable structures are vulnerable to adverse environmental
effects, such as corrosion and fatigue, which result in damage
accumulation that may impair the bridge. Therefore, the
monitoring of these structures is required. The existing damage
detection methods involving cable-force measurement and NDT
are effective, these methods are limited because of high cost and
lack of reliability.
Scope The vibration-based techniques are not very accurate because of
the noise of the environment, and it is difficult to quantify damage
with vibration-based techniques. Currently, some bridge
inspection systems using robots with image-processing
technology have been developed to improve the efficiency and
reliability of the process for inspection of cable health.
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Methodology A vibration-based procedure for estimating cable tension consists
of two steps. First, the frequency stabilization diagrams were
derived using the covariance-driven stochastic subspace
identification (SSI-COV) method. Second, natural frequencies of
each stay cable were identified by applying the hierarchical
clustering algorithm to the frequency stabilization diagrams.
Outcomes/ Complete modeling of a long-span cable-stayed bridge using
Conclusions IFSM and application of the time domain method suggest that the
seismic analysis of a complicated structure can be performed in a
minimal amount of time. The numerical results show that the
convergence and efficiency of the IFSM is very high in comparison
with those of other numerical methods.

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 Literature Review
Paper 3
Title Damage Detection in the Cable Structures of a Bridge
Using the Virtual Distortion Method
Author Shi-Wei Lin et al.
Journal Name Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)
Year of Publishing 2017

Abstract This study investigated damage detection of cable structures

in bridge engineering using the virtual distortion method
(VDM). The main theory of damage detection based on the
VDM, including the influence matrix, the stiffness reduction,
and an optimized algorithm, was applied to damage detection
in hangers in a real three-dimensional finite-element model
(FEM) of an existing arch bridge. Two damage detection
methods for hangers were used. One method is based on the
static VDM, which has high precision but requires more
sensors. The other method is based on the dynamic VDM,
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 which does not require many sensors but has a lower precision.
The effectiveness of damage detection in hangers was investigated
through a numerical simulation. It was verified that the proposed
methods can rapidly and accurately identify the damage
location and degree of damage.
Objective The damage detection method based on the VDM has been
demonstrated to be an efficient, cost-effective, global, and anti-
noise approach to achieving damage localization and damage
quantification.

Scope The VDM method uses strain sensors, which are cost-effective and
easy to install for the collection of the static or dynamic strains of
cables. The dynamic VDM showed good anti-noise ability. The
results for damage localization were relatively accurate.

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Methodology Two damage detection methods for hangers were used. One
method is based on the static VDM, which has high precision
(error of 0.4% in the constant-load case) but requires more sensors.
The other method is based on the dynamic VDM, which does not
require many sensors but has a lower precision (certain error of
10-30%). Damage detection by the dynamic VDM showed good
anti-noise ability.
Outcomes/ Damage detection by the static VDM method achieved fast and
Conclusions accurate damage localization and damage quantification, and the
calculation efficiency was improved by 3 orders of magnitude
compared with the traditional model-updating method. Damage
detection by the dynamic VDM required only 8 sensors for a total
of 32 hangers. The results for damage localization were relatively
accurate, but the results for damage quantification had a certain
error.

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 Literature Review
Paper 4
Title Structural Performance and Strength Prediction of Steel-
to-Concrete Box Girder Deck Transition Zone of Hybrid
Steel-Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridges
Author Xi Cheng et al.
Journal Name Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)
Year of Publishing 2016
Abstract Because a large longitudinal force exists in hybrid girder
cable-stayed bridges due to the cable tension, its transfer
mechanisms on the steel-concrete combination segment
would be an important issue. In this study, experiments and
theoretical analysis were conducted to characterize the
longitudinal force transfer mechanisms of the steel-concrete
combination segment in hybrid girder cable stayed bridges.
Five full-scale local structure specimens were designed and
manufactured based on the original design of the steel-to
concrete transition zone according to a completed
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 cable-stayed bridge in China. The specimens were subjected to
monotonic loading and tested up to complete failure. The load-
slip curves; stress distribution and failure modes, which varied
with the thickness of the bearing plate; and the shear connector
distribution were obtained.
Objective In hybrid girder cable-stayed bridges a large longitudinal force
exists due to the cable tension, its transfer mechanisms on the
steel-concrete combination segment would be an important issue.
The main functions of the combination segment are to transmit
loadings, including the axial force, shear force, bending moments,
and torsion moments, from the steel girder to the concrete girder
in a smooth and reliable manner. Bearing plates and shear
connectors as headed stud shear connectors or perfo-bond strip
connectors are typically used to transfer the main load. To
understand the characteristics of force transfer mechanisms and
an actual distribution proportion among them.

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Scope The force transfer mechanisms were analyzed, and an actual
distribution proportion among them was revealed. The
distribution could be used to instruct the combination segment
design, and the finite-element model could be used to check the
design. This study helps understanding load transform
mechanism and developing new idea of hybrid girder cable-
stayed bridges.
Methodology An experiment with five full-scale local force-transferring
component specimens from the combination segment of the real
bridge were fabricated and tested. Thus, the contribution of
different load-transfer mechanisms could be separated and
investigated. Afterward, to set up a finite-element model that
could simulate the test properly, nonlinear spring models for shear
connectors including headed studs and perfo-bond strips were
investigated and verified.
Outcomes/ The load distributing mode could be used to instruct preliminary
Conclusions engineering designs, and the finite-element modeling method
could be used to verify it.
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 Literature Review
Paper 5
Title Cracking of Longitudinal Diaphragms in Long-Span
Cable-Stayed Bridges
Author Zhongxiang Liu et al.
Journal Name Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)
Year of Publishing 2015

Abstract Longitudinal diaphragms are frequently used in steel box

girders of long-span cable-stayed bridges to obtain desirable
performance of steel girders. Field examination, however,
reveals that premature cracking may often occur in the
diaphragms after only a few years of service. Using the
Runyang cable-stayed bridge (RCB) in China as an example,
this paper presents an investigation of the cracking damage of
longitudinal diaphragms, in which the pattern, location, and
propagation of cracks are evaluated according to Non-
destructive field tests.
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Objective In this study using the Runyang cable-stayed bridge (RCB) in
China as an example, a significant damage has been frequently
observed at the joint of braces and gusset plates, which may occur
within a few years of the bridge being open to traffic, resulting in
considerable repair costs and influence on the bridge
performance. To increase safety and life span the strengthening is
required.
Scope According to the FE analysis, the coped holes may increase the
local stress and shorten the fatigue life of the bracegusset plate
joints. The effectiveness of improved design and/or repair actions
can be validated using the proposed FE modelling and
probabilistic analysis approach.

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Methodology The field examination of longitudinal diaphragms of the RCB, and
Multiscale finite-element (FE) analysis is made to further
investigate the mechanism of the cracking and its influence on the
behaviour of the bridge.

Outcomes/ According to the FE analysis, the coped holes may increase the
Conclusions local stress and shorten the fatigue life of the bracegusset plate
joints.

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 Some discussed Topics
Temperature study at junction
Fixity at junction of pier and deck (superstructure)
Soil effect of cable-stayed bridge
Construction stage analysis
Failure cases of cable-stayed bridge

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Give any Comments or Suggestions for good topics

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