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10-1
Abnormal Pressure
Abnormal
Pressure
Gradients
10,000 ??
Pore Pressure, psig
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 3
Pore Pressure vs. Depth
0
0.433 psi/ft 8.33 lb/gal
0.465 psi/ft 9.0 lb/gal
5,000
Normal
10,000
Abormal
15,000
20,000
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Pore Pressure Equivalent, lb/gal
{ Density of mud required to control this pore pressure }
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 4
Fracture Gradient
Pore Pressure
Gradient
* Fracture
Gradients
* Casing
Setting
Depths
2. Tectonic movements
Uplift
Faulting
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 7
Some Causes of Abnormal Pressure
5. Large structures...
NORMAL PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURE
p sz
sOB = p + sZ
Methods:
1. Seismic data
2. Drilling rate
3. Sloughing shale
4. Gas units in mud
5. Shale density
6. Chloride content
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 15
Indications of Abnormal Pore Pressures
Methods, contd:
1. Before drilling
2. While drilling
Drilling rate, gas in mud, etc. etc.
D - Exponent
DC - Exponent
MWD - LWD
Density of shale (cuttings)
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 18
Prediction and Detection of Abnormal
Pressure Zones
3. After drilling
Resistivity log
Conductivity log
Sonic log
Density log
Decreasing ROP
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 21
D - Exponent
The Where
drilling rate R = drilling rate, ft/hr
equation: K = drillability constant
N = rotary speed, RPM
D
W E = rotary speed expon.
R K N
E
W = bit weight, lbs
DB
DB = bit diameter, in
D = bit wt. Exponent
or D - exponent
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 22
D
W
D - Exponent R K N
E
DB
If we assume that K = 1
and E = 1
Then R
log
N
D
R W D
W
N DB log
DB
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 23
D - Exponent
R
log
d 60 N
12 W
log 6
10 DB
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 24
Example
9 9
e.g., dc d 1.82 * 1.37
12 12
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 25
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From dc - Exponent
Normal
Depth
Abnormal
dc - Exponent
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 27
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From dc - Exponent
From Eaton:
Depth
1 .2
P S S P R obs
D D D D n Rn
1 .2
0.80
0.95 0.95 0.465
P 10,000
D 1.55
Resistivity of Shale
Temperature in the Return Mud
Drilling Rate Increase
dc - Exponent
Sonic Travel Time
Conductivity of Shale
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 32
EXAMPLE
Shale Resistivity
vs. Depth
1. Establish normal
trend line
2. Look for
deviations
(semi-log)
1. Establish normal
trend line
9 ppg
2. Look for
(normal)
deviations
3. Use OVERLAY
to quantify
pore pressure
(use with caution)
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 34
Example
8.2 X
Abnormal Pressure
Why?
10.1- 35
Determination of Abnormal Pore
Pressure Using the dc - exponent
1.2
P S S P d c
D D D D n d cn
Assume:
West Texas location with
normal overburden of
X
1.0 psi/ft.
X = 12,000 ft. 1.2 1.5
dc
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 38
Example
(why?)
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 41
E.S. Pennebaker
Example:
In a Gulf Coast well, the speed of sound is 10,000
ft/sec at a depth of 13,500 ft. The normal speed
of sound at this depth, based on extrapolated
trends, would be 12,000 ft/sec. What is the pore
pressure at this depth?
P S S P t n
3. 0
D D D D n t
3
10,000
1.0 - [1.0 - 0.465]
12,000
0.6904 psi/ft
( t a 1/v )
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 45
Ben Eaton
1 .2
P S S P dc calculated
d normal
D D D D n c
1 .2
P S S P R obs
D D D D n Rn
1 .2
P S S P Cn
D
C
D D D n o
3 .0
P S S P t n
D
t
D D D n o
Abnormal Pressure 10.1- 47
Pore Pressure Determination