Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reading: Chapter 6
Lecture Outline
2
Functions of FX Market
3
Characteristics of FX Market
Largest of all financial markets with average daily
turnover of over $2 trillion!
66% of all foreign exchange transactions involve
cross-border counterparties.
Only 11% of daily spot transactions involve non-
financial customers.
London is the largest FX market.
US dollar involved in 87% of all transactions.
4
Market Activity 24hrs
5
Increasing Turnover
6
Important Currencies
7
Types of Transactions
8
Types of Transactions
An outright forward transaction (usually called just
forward) requires delivery at a future value date of a
specified amount of one currency for a specified amount of
another currency.
The exchange rate is established at the time of the
agreement, but payment and delivery are not required until
maturity.
Forward exchange rates are usually quoted for value dates of
one, two, three, six and twelve months.
Buying Forward and Selling Forward describe the same
transaction (the only difference is the order in which
currencies are referenced.)
9
Types of Transactions
A swap transaction in the interbank market is the
simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount
of foreign exchange for two different value dates.
Both purchase and sale are conducted with the
same counterparty.
Some different types of swaps are:
spot against forward,
forward-forward,
nondeliverable forwards (NDF).
10
Types of Transactions
11
Market Participants
The foreign exchange market consists of two tiers:
the interbank or wholesale market (multiples of $1M US or
equivalent in transaction size), and
the client or retail market (specific, smaller amounts).
12
Market Participants
14
Market Participants
15
Market Participants
Central banks and treasuries use the market to acquire or
spend their countrys foreign exchange reserves as well as
to influence the price at which their own currency is traded.
They may act to support the value of their own currency
because of policies adopted at the national level or because
of commitments entered into through membership in joint
agreements such as the European Monetary System.
The motive is not to earn a profit as such, but rather to
influence the foreign exchange value of their currency in a
manner that will benefit the interests of their citizens.
As willing loss takers, central banks and treasuries differ in
motive from all other market participants.
16
Types of Activities
Speculation
An activity that leaves one open to exchange rate
fluctuations where one aims to make a profit.
Hedging
Allows the firm to transfer exchange rate risk inherent in
foreign currency transactions or positions.
Arbitrage take advantage of inconsistent prices to
make risk-free profits. These profits are unlikely to last
long.
Spatial (or Locational) Arbitrage
Triangular Arbitrage
Covered Interest Arbitrage Lecture 3
17
Foreign Exchange Rates & Quotations
A foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency
expressed in terms of another currency.
18
Bid & Ask Quotes
Foreign currency dealers provide two quotes:
Bid Price: Price at which the dealer is willing to buy
foreign currency from you.
Ask Price: Price at which the dealer is willing to sell
foreign currency to you.
It is always the case that the Ask Price > Bid Price. The
difference is the Bid-Ask spread.
The less traded and more volatile a currency, the greater
is the spread.
19
Direct & Indirect Quotes
Direct Quote: Home currency per unit of Foreign currency
(FC) - e.g. AUD/ quote is 1.6003 1.6499
Indirect Quote: Foreign currency per unit of Home currency
- e.g. /AUD quote of 0.6061 0.6249
Note that in all cases, the reciprocal of a direct quote is an
indirect quote:
AUD 1
EUR EUR
AUD
Also, you might encounter an exchange rate quotation in
American terms (US$/FC) or European terms (FC/US$).
20
Example
Bid Ask
$/ 1.4482 1.4484
21
Bid Ask Spread
Banks act as market makers and realise their profits
from the spread:
Bid-Ask Spread = (Ask-Bid)/Ask
% spread
1.4484 1.4482
100 1.38%
1.4484
22
Forward Quotes
Forward rates can be quoted as either as an outright quote,
points or as an annualised % forward premium or discount.
23
Forward Quotes Points
A forward quotation expressed in points is not a foreign
exchange rate as such. It is the difference between the
forward rate and the spot rate.
When the Bid Points > Ask Points, you subtract the
points from the spot rate to get the outright forward
quote.
If the Bid Points < Ask Points, you add the points to
the spot rate to get the outright forward quote
24
Forward Quotes Percentage
25
Cross Rates
Many currency pairs are inactively traded, so their exchange
rate is determined through their relationship to a widely
traded third currency.
For example, an Australian importer needs Danish currency
to pay for purchases in Copenhagen.
The Australian dollar (symbol A$) is not widely quoted
against the Danish kroner (symbol DKr).
However, both currencies are quoted against the U.S. dollar.
Assume the following quotes:
Australian dollar A$1.5431/US$
Danish kroner DKr7.0575/US$
26
Cross Rates
The Australian importer can buy one U.S. dollar
for A$1.5431 and with that dollar buy
DKr7.0575. The cross-rate calculation would
be:
Australian dollar/U.S . dollar A$1.5431/US$
0.2186 A$/DKr
Danish kroner/U.S. dollar DKr7.0575/US$
27
Cross Rates Example
28
Cross Rates Example
First: How do I get CHF/GBP from the two rates?
CHF/GBP = (US$/GBP)/(US$/CHF)
Netherlands
fl1,011,281 fl1,000,000
(End) (Start)
Profit = fl 11,281
Multiplied by Divided by
1.5214 fl/C$ 1.9025 fl/US$
32
Measuring a Change in the Spot Rate
33
Example
34
Example
Thus, the appreciation/depreciation of the US$, relative
to the A$ from t-1 to t is:
St St 1 A$1.335/$ A$1.8445 /$
Rt 1,t 27.6%
St 1 A$1.8445 /$
35
Example
To calculate the appreciation/depreciation of the
Australian dollar, relative to the US dollar, we want the
denominator currency to be the A$:
At t-1: A$1.8445/US$ = US$0.5422/A$
At t: A$1.335/US$ = US$0.7491/A$
St St 1 $0.7491 $0.5422 / A$
Rt 1,t 38.2%
St 1 $0.5422 / A$
36
$ depreciation, A$ appreciation not equal
In general, the percentage appreciation in one currency
is not equal to the percentage depreciation in the other
currency. Instead
1
________________________
1 + RA$ = (1 + RUS$)
37