HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

Institute of technology
department of mechanical and electromechanical engineering
motor vehicle engineering
group assignment

Group members
1.Abel Tesfaye 0035/06
2.Ephrem Negatu 0484/06
3. Ephrem Maru 0483/06
4.Bekalu Estalu 0259/06
5.Hannibal Fitsum 0694/06
6.Tamerat Nega1250/06
7.Kibrom G/meskel
8.Kidus Negash 0257/06
9.Feisel mohammed

submitted to
inst. Habtamu Tilahun
28 November 2016
 What is an engine?
Engine is a machine for converting energy into
motion or mechanical work.
The energy is usually supplied in the form of a
chemical fuel, such as oil or gasoline, steam,
or electricity, and the mechanical work is most
commonly delivered in the form of rotary
motion of a shaft.
 Reciprocating engine
Despite its simplicity, the reciprocating engine
(basically a pistoncylinder device) is one of
the rare inventions that has proved to be very
versatile and to have a wide range of
applications. It is the powerhouse of the vast
majority of automobiles, trucks, light aircraft,
ships, and electric power generators ,as well
as many other devices.
 Type of Engines

There are two types of engines.

Internal Combustion Engine
Is an engine that burns its fuel inside the
engine in the combustion chamber.
External Combustion Engine
Is an engine where the fuel used is burned in
a separate compartment outside the engine
 Classification of Internal Combustion
Engine

According to Fuel Used

According to the Method of Cooling
According to the Number of Cylinders
According to Cylinder Arrangement
According to Valve Arrangement
According to Method of Ignition
According to Cycle of Operation
 According to Fuel Used

Gasoline Engines these are engines using gasoline as

fuel which is mixed with air in correct proportion in the
carburetor to change it into vaporized form before
admittance to engine cylinder where it is charged and
later on burned at the combustion chamber by means
of electric spark from the spark plug.
Diesel Engines these are engine using diesel fuel as
fuel which are more viscous than gasoline. This fuel is
injected in atomized form to the combustion chamber
inside the engine by means of injection pump and
nozzle which is ignited by the high compressed aired of
about 500 psi and 1000 F respectively
 According to Method of Ignition

1. Spark Ignited Engines

for gasoline engines
2. Heat Ignited Engine
for diesel engines
 Ideal cycles of IC engines
spark ignition engines
>> use gasoline
>> Otto cycle
Compression ignition engines
>> use diesel
>> diesel cycle
 Diesel engines
Diesel engine is classified as internal-
combustion engine in which heat caused by
air compression ignites the fuel.
Diesel engine injects instant fuel into the
combustion chambers, the air inside is hot
enough to ignite the fuel on contact. Diesel
engines, therefore, do not need spark plugs,
which are required to ignite the air-fuel
mixture in gasoline engines.
 Diesel fuel
Diesel fuel is produced by refining petroleum.
The diesel fuel's boiling point is 200 to 330C .
Modern diesel engines burn a petroleum product similar to
kerosene, jet fuel, and home heating oil.
Diesel fuel is less expensive to produce than gasoline and
safer to handle. Due to lower volatility (tendency to
vaporize) and a higher flash point (the temperature at
which diesel fuel ignites), it is less likely to catch fire during
an accident.
There are three grades of diesel fuel. They are classified
according to the ease with which they ignite, the lowest
temperature at which the fuel will flow, and viscosity
(resistance to flow).
 IGNITABILITY OF DIESEL FUEL
Ignitability quality is fuel's property to self-
ignite when its temperature is increased, even
if an externally sourced fire is not placed next
to it. When drops of diesel fuel and gasoline
are placed on a heated steel plate, the diesel
fuel burns into a flame after a while, but
gasoline immediately evaporates without
burning. This indicates that the diesel fuel has
better ignitability.
Cont.
 VISCOSITY OF DIESEL FUEL

Viscosity is an important property of the fuel that is

used in a diesel engine. If the viscosity is too high, the
fuel becomes injected into the combustion chamber in
large particles, with poorer dissipation qualities, thus
resulting in poorer combustion. Because diesel fuel has
an additional function to lubricate the fuel system,
including injection pump and nozzles, those parts will
not receive enough lubrication if the viscosity of the
fuel is too low, and they might even seize as a result.
 SULFUR CONTAINED IN DIESEL FUEL

During combustion, the sulfur that is contained in

fuel converts into sulfuric dioxide and sulfuric
anhydride. These gases combine with the water
that is created during combustion and converts
into sulfuric acid, which has highly corrosive
properties. In addition, because sulfur
compounds have poor ignitability creates black
smoke and contaminates the engine oil.
 VOLATILITY OF DIESEL FUEL

Diesel fuel has a high boiling point and is

practically not volatile at room temperature.
However, during the combustion process in a
diesel engine, diesel fuel gasifies first before
mixing with air. Combustion occurs when the
density of this mixture comes within the
combustion range. Thus, it is preferable that the
diesel fuel provides some level of volatility.
 Fuel Supply System in Diesel Engine

Fuel supply system is a separate system used

to deliver diesel at correct time in correct
quantity, to a diesel engine (or C.I engine), for
smooth and efficient operation.
Fuel supply system is the food pipe of a
vehicle.
 Cont.
The operation of a diesel engine is different
from that of a petrol engine. In a petrol
engine, air-fuel mixture is supplied by a
carburetor to the engine, at the beginning of
the suction stroke. But in a diesel engine, fuel
(without air) is supplied at the end of the
compression stroke, by means of a fuel supply
system.
Diagrams of fueling system in diesel
engine
 Fuel flow through the diesel fuel
system
Fuel stored in the fuel tank (shown in the
above figure) is drawn through the pickup unit
by the fuel lift pump. Fuel to the fuel supply
(lift) pump. Then through a filter to the fuel
injection pump. Moreover, the injection pump
pressurizes the fuel to a very high pressure
and sends it to the nozzle at the proper time.
 Cont.
. The nozzle atomizes and sprays the fuel into the
combustion chamber. And the excess fuel pumped by
the fuel lift pump cools and lubricates the injection
pump and nozzles .Therefore, this fuel, called returned
fuel, is sent back to the fuel tank through the fuel
return line.
The fuel system also prevents any air from fuel
entering the system, since air causes rough running.
In some cases, . Fuel travels through a water-in-fuel
separator before it enters fuel supply pump and
through a fuel heater when the fuel leaves the pump.
Cont.
 Basic parts of diesel fuel system
Fuel supply system in diesel engine is made
of the following components:

Diesel tank or reservoir

Low pressure pump
Filter
Fuel injection pump
Fuel injectors
 1.Diesel tank
Whenever you supply fuel to a diesel engine
vehicle, it is stored in the diesel tank. Diesel
tank temporarily stores diesel that is to be
supplied to the engine.
It also receive the diesel coming back un used
from the engine
 2. Low pressure pump:
(lift pump)
It pumps the diesel at a low pressure to the
fuel injection pump through a filter.
The fuel supply pump, often referred to as the
lift pump, is responsible for drawing fuel from
the tank and delivering it to the high pressure
pump.
Fuel pumps are commonly sized to deliver
more fuel than is consumed by the engine at
any particular operating system.
Cont.
 Cont.
Driven by the cam shaft of the injection pump,
the fuel feed pump (lift pump) draws up fuel
from the tank. Then, the fuel feed pump
applies sufficient pressure for the fuel to
overcome the resistance of the fuel filter, thus
delivering clean fuel to the injection pump.
The piston-type lift pumps that are used on an
in-line injection pump can be broadly
classified into the two types described below.
 Cont.
The piston-type lift pumps that are used on an in-
line injection pump can be broadly classified into
the two types described below.
>>Single action piston type (possessing a relatively
small plunger diameter, this type of pump
delivers a relatively low injection volume)
>>Double action piston type (applicable on large
pumps with multiple cylinders and a high
injection volume)
SINGLE-ACTION TYPE
DOUBLE-ACTION TYPE
 3. Filter:

Before diesel is supplied to an engine, it must

be filtered to remove any unwanted
impurities. Filter is used for this purpose.
Fuel filters help reduce damage and
premature wear from contaminants by
retaining very fine particles and water to
prevent them from entering the fuel injection
system.
 Cont.
fuel systems can contain one or more stages of
filtration.
One-stage systems remove larger and smaller particles
in a single filter
Two stage filter system typically uses a primary filter on
the inlet side of the fuel transfer pump and a
secondary filter on the outlet side. The primary filter is
required to remove larger particles. The secondary
filter is required to withstand higher pressures and
remove smaller particles that can damage the engine
components
 Cont.
Filters can be classified into two types
>> box-type
>> replacement element design.
The box-type filter is that which can be completely replaced
as needed and does not require cleaning.
Filters with a replaceable element have to be thoroughly
cleaned when replacing elements and care must be taken
to avoid any dirt residue that could migrate to the intricate
parts of the fuel injection system.
Filters can be constructed of metal or plastic.
Cont.
 4.Fuel injection pump
Equipped with the same number of fuel
compression mechanisms as the number of
engine cylinders, the injection pump operates in
accordance with the injection sequence
determined by the camshaft.
This is the most important component of the fuel
injection system.
Fuel injection pump pressurizes the fuel to the
required level and injects it correctly at the end of
the compression stroke, during each cycle of
operation of the engine.
 Purpose of the injection pump unit

Consisting of a fuel compression/delivery

mechanism, an injection-volume control
mechanism, as well as a camshaft to drive
these mechanisms, the function of the pump
unit is to deliver pressurized fuel to each
cylinder according to the injection order.
cont
 5. Fuel injectors
Fuel injectors are the last part of the fueling
system. They are the gate ways for the diesel
to enter to the engine.
Number of fuel injectors is equal to the
number of cylinders in a given engine.
They receive the fuel from the fuel injector
pump and injects it into the cylinder to mix
with the air which is already inside the
cylinder and ignite when pressurized.
Cont.
 Other components
There are also some parts which are not
compulsory for diesel fuel system. These parts
may or may not be found in a given system as
an individual part.
>> Water-in-fuel separator
>> Fuel Heater
 Water in fuel separator
It used to separate the fuel from the moisture
within itself. this will protect the cylinder and
some other components from corrosion and
also help to heat the fuel quickly. Now a days
most cars do not have this part rather the
filters will do the needed job.
 Fuel heater
Fuel heaters are used to heat the fuel before it
enters into the cylinder. This will help to facilitate
the ignition process because an already heated
diesel will require less pressure to ignite than the
unheated diesel.
But as technology advances ways which we can
produce enough amount of pressure to ignite fuel
without heating it were devised so this stops the
need for fuel heaters in fuel systems.
The properties of good diesel engines
Volatility: the properties that affects burning. The
volatile fuel will make the engine start better but cause
an inefficient engine, since volatile fuel has low heat
value.
Pour point: the lowest temperature to which the fuel
ceases to flow is known as pour point. Diesel fuels
flow at the lowest atmospheric temperature. Low pour
point can be obtained only at the expense of the low
octane number or high volatility.
Viscosity: generally known as resistance to flow. If the
viscosity is too low or too high the injection system will
not operate correctly
 Cont.
Flash point: the flash point of diesel fuel is the temperatures to
which the fuel must be heated before it will be give off sufficient
vapour to ignite. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability.
Sulphur : all diesel fuels contain a certain amount of sulphur .
Sulphur does not burn except at extremely high temperature so
high sulphur accumulation tends to wear the engine and
contaminate the lubricating oil.
Carbon residues: is the residue left after combustion determines
how clean the engine and lubricating oil stay during the operation.
Water and other impurities: all diesel fuels contain impurities to
certain degrees; rust, dirt, metal, neoprene, and paint will work
their way in to fuel during handling.
 Application of Diesel Engines

Diesel engines are widely used as stationary

power sources for
electrical generation units
pumping stations
refrigeration facilities, and factories.
Heavy construction equipment, ships ,
locomotives, commercial trucks, and some large
pickups are powered by diesels .
diesel cars are popular in Europe and other places
where fuels are more expensive
 Diesel Vs gasoline
In diesel fuel system
>> fuel mix with the air in the cylinder.
(no carburetor )
>> use fuel injectors
>> no spark plugs
>> ignition caused by compression
 Cont.
In gasoline fuel system
>> fuel mix with air in carburetor .
>> no fuel injector.
>> have spark plug
>> ignition caused by a spark.
 DIESEL ENGINES ADVANTAGES OVER
PETROL ENGINES:

45% efficiency in converting fuel into

mechanical energy compared to Petrol at 30%.
Diesel engine have higher miles per gallon
Engine life expectancy is twice as long
compared to petrol engines due to the
stronger internal design to cope with higher
pressures under combustion.
reliability especially in harsh environments
 Cont.
Diesel engines are immune to vapor lock and the fuel is
not explosive like petrol.
No proportionate decrease in fuel efficiency compared
to petrol engines, at higher engine loads.
Produce less heat in cooling systems and exhaust pipes.
Produce less carbon monoxide and can be used in
underground applications.
Can accept turbo/supercharging with out risk of
detonation, unlike petrol engines at higher pressure
levels.
 Cont.
Higher torque levels lower in the rev range
than petrol equivalents.
Diesel fuel is denser then petrol and contains
roughly 15% more energy.
Alternative fuels can be used to power Diesels
DIESEL ENGINES DISADVANTAGES OVER PETROL
ENGINES:

Lower power to weight ratio then petrol engines, due

to the increased internal component strength- to cope
with the high pressures.
Lower rev band range compared to petrol engines,
although turbo/ super charging has helped to combat
this in the last decade- again caused by heavy internal
components to a certain degree.
Normally noisier and rougher in operation compared to
petrol counter parts, although diesels are almost on
par with technological advancements.
More expensive to purchase and run compared to
petrol alternatives .