Journal review for :

PERFORMANCE OF 2D FRAME OPTIMIZATION

CONSIDERING THE SEQUENCE OF COLUMN

FAILURE MECHANISM USING GA-SAP2000
SOURCE : ACADEMIC RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL M. GHOZI PUJO AJI PRIYO SUPROBO
 GENERAL REVIEW

ABSTRACT : This paragraph contained the writers purpose on this journal, he uses 3 constraint to optimize
simple MOMENT RESISTING FRAME Building System.
INTRODUCTION : 1st Alinea displaying codes that widely suggest a concept named SCWB, 2nd alinea directly
jump into discussion about Automation, and the writter ensure the benefits on combining two automation
method. He then confirmed to validate this journal result with common method Non-Linear Static Analysis.
THEORIES : This chapter content some information of Non-Linear Static Analysis, Strong Column-Weak Beam,
Column Failure Mechanism, Simple Genetic Algorithm (detail discussed on the next page)
STEEL STRUCTURE MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION : This contain of this paragraph describe the main building model
which will be conducted to be analyze in several conditions. Ghozi then encrypt his algorythm as in tensor
language (discuss later)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION : (detail discussed on the next page)
CONCLUSION : It is concluded that optimization considering the sequence of column failure mechanism is
very useful and should be included in every design of steel structure.
 THEORIES REVIEW

NON LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS :

** This analysis commonly used, and ghozi cites from The loading with effects of cyclic behavior and load
reversals are estimated by force deformation criteria and damping approximations (Habibullah, et al,1998).
** The FEMA 356 code is USED in this paper for finding the target displacement of analyzed structures

STRONG COLUMN-WEAK BEAM :

** This code requires that the sum of column flexure strengths at a joint should be more than the
sum of beam flexure strengths (AISC SEISMIC 1, 9.6)
** When moment connections are used, the plastic hinges are developed through inelastic flexural
deformations in the connecting beams and in the column panel zone
 THEORIES REVIEW

COLUMN FAILURE MECHANISM :

** Ghozi cite : So it is necessary to make one multiplier as constraint so that the failure at lower column is
avoided
** Usually the optimization methods pursue the best profile configuration of structure but disregard the
above mentioned problem. The fitness method cant differentiate between one structure with one
failure in the bottom story column and the other structure with one failure column in the top story

SIMPLE GENETIC ALGORITHM:

** GA, is a population-based global search technique based on the Darwinian theory (Goldberg, 1989).
** Common operators used in GA are initialization of population, evaluate population, selection, mating,
crossover, mutation, stopping criteria and get results (Gen & Cheng, 1997)
 STRUCTURE MODELING REVIEW

This FRAME is :
- designed according to AISC-LRFD specification
- uses a displacement constraint (story drift < story
height/300).
- The effective length factors of the members are
calculated as Kx 1.0 for a sway-permitted frame.
- Beam members are required to remain the same size
for three consecutive stories, excluding the top story
beam.
- each beam member is specified to be Ky = 0.2
columns are required to remain the same over two
stories.
- column member is specified to be Ky = 1.0
- The total number of design variables is nine
(Pezeshk, et al, 2000)
 STRUCTURE MODELING REVIEW

FIRST OBJECTIVE TENSOR:

** The first objective function is to minimize the weight of structure subjected to two constraints (stress
constraint and displacement constraint)

Weight criteria Member Capacity Ratio+ Drift

SECOND OBJECTIVE TENSOR:

** second objective function is to minimize the weight subject to four constraints (stress constraint,
displacement constraint, scwb constraint and column plastic modulus constraint)

Weight criteria Member Capacity Ratio+ Drift SCWB and column sequence ratio
GA-SAP2K ALGORITHMS
RESULT REVIEW

The chosen individual is the highest fitness value

from 40th generation
Both two optimized structures have zero element
and displacement constraint violation
The Objfunc2 has 81.25% lighter structure weight
than objfunc1
Both Objfunc1 and Objfunc2 has bigger column plastic
modulus for lower story
Objfunc1 column cross section area at story 5 to 8
are bigger than at story 3 and 4
Objfunc2 always has columns in which getting
bigger cross section area in lower level
 COMMENTARY SECTION

Validation of those results with respect to Non-Linear Static Analysis

Some missing references link, or does not mentioned
The delivery of methodology seems doesnt addequate enough
Convergencies in a result graphics is not satisfiying
Zero obstructed constrain condition
Optimization using SAP2000 built-in algorithm maybe too difficult since the parameters
un-easy to be edit
WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO ACHIEVE

To describe how GA-SAP2K algorithm works and its

drawback.
To complement the journal with adequate data and
graphics (ex : Convergence Graphics from each
iterations, Constraint Violations , etc)
To check whether SAP2000 - can be used to optimize
Steel Frame Structure Design
To validate and support the conclusion of this journal.
SAP2K CRITERIONS FOR STEEL FRAME
DESIGN (MEMBER CAPACITY)
SAP2K CRITERIONS FOR STEEL FRAME
DESIGN (STRONG COLUMN WEAK BEAM)
SAP2K CRITERIONS FOR STEEL FRAME
DESIGN (COLUMN PREVENTION METHOD)

Upon searching SAP2K design manuals, we cannot find parameter to set

column prevention method as mentioned in the journal.

Because we cannot edit the algorithm of SAP2K Steel Frame Design,

therefore we decide to use Grouping system in our re-iteration of the
journal to achieve nearly the same thing.
DESIGN PARAMETER

As we try to make our re-iterations of the journal. We found that the journal didn t include
necessary data to make Steel Frame Design.
Therefore we try to find the necessary data in DESIGN OF NONLINEAR FRAMED STRUCTURES USING
GENETIC OPTIMIZATION (Pezeskh,et al , 2000).
Steel Properties :
E = 29000 ksi

Fy = 36 ksi

Frame Data :
Height = 15ft (story 1), 12ft@9 story (total H = 123ft)

Bays = 1 bays @30ft

Loading Data:
Dead Load = Structure Self Weight

Wind Load = 10 kips at story 1-9, and 5 kips at story 10

Live Load = 6k/ft at story 1-9 , and 3k/ft at story 10

FRAME LOADING & INITIAL SECTION

WIND LOAD LIVE LOAD INITIAL STATE

SELECTION RULES AND FITNESS VALUE

FUNCTION 1 =
Section Stress must be less than 1
Story drift must be less than Story height/300

FUNCTION 2 =
Section Stress must be less than 1
Story drift must be less than H/300
Strong Column Weak Beam must be fulfilled
Column Capacity at lower story must be higher than its top
 RESULTS REVIEW

Convergence Value ( Weight - Generation )

310
290 Weight(kips) Initial (1) Final (40)
270
250 Function 1 305.842 56.127
230
210 Function 2 81.377 62.381
190
170
150 Different value from the journal,
130 function 2 is heavier than function
110 1.
90
70
Most likely from the effect of
50
Strong Column Weak Beam
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 resulting in bigger column section
than function 1.
RESULTS FUNC 1st

Base Shear-Displacement
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
 RESULTS FUNC 2nd

Base Shear-Displacement
468
462
456
450
444
438
432
426
420
414
408
402
396
390
0 1 2 3 4 5
 RESULTS REVIEW (PUSHOVER NON LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS)

Function 1 Frame Function 2 Frame

failure at Step 9 failure at Step 9

Base Shear = 440 kips Base Shear = 461.68 kips

Displacement = 4.8 ft Displacement = 2.47 ft
Ductility Factor = 4.32 Ductility Factor = 4.1333

Function 1 Failure Mechanism Function 2 Failure Mechanism

 FINAL CONCLUSION

Optimization using SAP2K built-in algorithm maybe used, but it flexibility is being limited by the
fact that SAP2K is not an open-source program

Optimization using SAP2K for Steel Frame is hard to achieve because many constraints to make
our frame perform as an ductile structure with good energy dissipation.

Adding SCWB and Column Prevention Method increasing frame ductility by good amount of
margin.

Short time frame for GA-SAP2K optimization makes the method good for use if not using many
constraint.