SAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY AND
ENGINEERING RESEARCH

Study of research paper on

Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Structures

Faculty advisor: Presented By:

160670720002 Hardik Chaudhari
Prof. Satyen Ramani 160670720009 Rabbani M. Modasiya
Dept. of civil engineering 160670720016 ShreeRam Prajapati
M.E. Structural engineering 160670720019 Rohit Pandey
 Research Paper-1

Seismic Retrofitting Of The Historical

Masonry Structures Using Numerical
Approach

Cemil Akcay , Tarik Serhat Bozkurt , Baris Sayin , Baris

Yildizlar.
Istanbul University, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Architecture,
Turkey
 INTRODUCTION
This paper focuses on assessment of historical masonry
structures from the point of seismic resistance.
The entire process is illustrated using case study from a
historical masonry structure.
In this study conducted in this respect, a historical building
is restored within the scope of laboratory studies and
numerical analyses.
The first stage of the study includes plaster analyses and
mechanical tests conducted on the samples taken from the
said building.
In the second stage, i.e. numerical analysis, the buildings
existing 3D computer model was prepared and materials,
members that are inadequate in terms of strength were
determined.
 The third stage includes restoration applications by using
laboratory and numerical analysis results.
Within the scope of restoration applications, structural cracks
on the walls were repaired using the injection method; Volta
slab (brick floor arches), exterior facade walls, interior walls
and door/window gaps using different techniques were
strengthened.
In this study, it was aimed to increase material durability and
structural strength by using conventional and modern
techniques within the scope of laboratory tests and numerical
approaches in recovering the historical buildings.
 Methodology
Laboratory studies:
Samples were taken from different points of the building
during lab test stage of the study and analyses were carried
out.
As a result, axial compressive strength of the masonry
walls, shear strength, bulk density, thick and thin plaster
compounds were obtained.
Also, mechanical characteristics of bricks and pointing
fillings were obtained.
 Finite element model:
A three-dimensional, finite element analysis of the
four storey masonry building under seismic
loading is carried out.
Wall shear strength to be used in numerical
analyses was determined individually
for each of the storeys, as a result of the material
determination
studies; linear elastic analyses identified their
performances
based on the existing buildings load-carrying
system data. All
analyses were carried out by using SAP2000.
 The said structure, in terms of evaluating and reinforcement of
the existing buildings, was analysed according to four different
building performance levels for the existing or strengthened
buildings, in addition to various level earthquake definition.
These performance levels were defined as:
i. Operational level,
ii. Immediate occupancy level,
iii. Life safety level,
iv. Collapse prevention level or near collapse level.
Building performance can be described qualitatively in terms
of the:
i. Safety afforded building occupants, during and after an earthquake.
ii. Cost and feasibility of restoring the building to pre-earthquake
conditions.
iii. Length of time the building is removed from service to conduct
repairs.
iv. Economical, architectural, or historic impacts on the community at
large.
 Structural system model:

Fig. Finite element model of the examined structure: (a) 3D view of the
building in pre-restoration, (b) Finite element model of the building.
 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH
As a result of the analyses carried out under the identified
design earthquake, it was determined that the existing system
meets the conditions set forth for life safety performance
level.
For an earthquake with 10% recovery possibility in 50 years,
it was determined that the shear strength of all the walls in
both directions of the masonry building was generally
adequate to meet the shear forces occurring under the applied
earthquake effects.
It was suggested that the intervention techniques including the
repair and strengthening approaches presented within the
studys scope could apply to historical masonry structures, as
a result of backing up lab tests and numerical analyses.
 Also, it was anticipated that the repair and strengthening
application on the structure, especially in case dynamic
effects, such as earthquakes, are concerned, would be
improved to increase structural performance and strength.
Architectural interventions expected to be carried out in scope
of the restoration applications, are outside the scope of this
paper but included in the restoration process.
 Research Paper-2

Optimal Methods for Retrofitting Corrosion-

Damaged
Reinforced Concrete Columns

Hamid Eskandari-Naddaf, M. Lezgy-Nazargah, and

Hossein Bakhshi.
Department of Civil Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari
University, Sabzevar, Iran
 Introduction
By neglecting optimization criteria, engineers can articulate
different views with respect to retrofitting a column for a
particular bending moment and axial load for columns
deteriorated by corrosion, especially those in a salt factory
where they are exposed to chloride ions.

In this study, ETABS and MATLAB software were applied to

develop an optimal plan that involves minimal repair costs
and maximum safety.

To determine the specifics of this optimal plan, it needs to

consider all variable parameters, including externally bonded
steel plates, different types of concrete jacketing, and various
concrete compressive strengths.
 By stabilizing implemented loadings and buildings
dimensions, 30 retrofitting designs are identified for
consideration with respect to the two retrofitting methods to
identify their effects on structural component design,
sustainability, and economics.

The aim of this research is to provide a method for the

construction of a simplified interaction P-M diagram for RC
columns for retrofitting the practical design applications.

Based on ETABS and MATLAB coding, the proposed method

aims to analyse the various but equivalent specimens in
conventional RC columns by considering appropriate axial
forcebending moment interactions for RC column with the
minimum cost.
 However, for a particular axial force and bending moment,
there is only one economical design type, which means only
for a certain percentage of reinforcement of the designed
concrete and retrofitting accessories, the column is optimized.
 Methodology
Case Study Frame Modelling and Gravity Load Effects :

Figure: ETABS model of five-floor salt factory.

 Retrofitting methods :
Externally-Bonded the Steel Plates :
One of the RC columns retrofitting procedure is done by external
bonding of steel plates which can improve the performance of
concrete columns.
The effectiveness of this method depends on the hardness of the
steel plates in lateral deformation of the RC column.
Use a circular steel plate on investment is much more difficult than
other coating methods, but research shows that this method of
increasing resistance and displacement of inelastic column and is
very effective.
 Reinforced Concrete Jacketing :
Concrete cover includes layers of, longitudinal bars and
stirrups.
Cover the concrete column and L profile increases
bending strength and shear strength and increase
ductility of the columns in this case is quite evident.
Reinforced concrete cover in cases where the severity of
damage is a high column or column does not have
sufficient capacity to lateral forces is used.
Shows the concrete jacketing considering L profile
method for the column.
 Analysis
PM interaction diagram :

Figure : P-M interactions for externally bonding steel plates for different
values of Fc.
Figure : P-M interactions for concrete jacketing method for various numbers
and thicknesses of steel L profiles
with Fc of 25 MPa.
 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH
Considering merely safety factors, applying externally-
bonded steel plate yields about 40% growths in comparison to
concrete jacketing retrofitting which means implementing
steel plates are safer than using concrete jacketing retrofitting.
However, considering all parameters involved in design
procedures for the constants P and M, the concrete jacketing
retrofitting shows approximately 70% decrease in total cost
which makes it more economical comparing to the other
method.
Finally, these optimization methods are applicable to any
types of retrofitting methods which simultaneously include
both safety and minimum costs.
Thank You