Flood Mitigation

GROUP 5 Members:
Brucal, John Exekiel
Macapagal, Irish
Rocero, Agatha Ingrid
Villapando, Limuel
FLOOD MITIGATION
Mitigation - the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or
painfulness of something. (from Miriam Dictionary)
Flood mitigation involves the management and control of flood water
movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of
floodwalls and flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether.
It also involves the management of people, through measures such as
evacuation and dry/wet proofing properties.
A flood is the result of runoff from rainfall and/or melting snow in
quantities too great to be confined in the low-water channels of streams.
Little can be done to prevent a major flood, but it is possible to minimize
damage to crops and property within the flood plain of the river.
TYPES OF FLOOD

According to location: According to duration:

Coastal Flooding Flash Floods
River Flooding Sheet Floods
Urban Flooding
 According to location:
COASTAL FLOODING - This type of flooding occurs along the
edges of oceans, and is driven predominantly by storm surges and
wave damage. This kind of flooding is usually connected to
hurricanes, tsunamis or tropical storms.
 According to location:
RIVER FLOODING- This type of flood occurs along the edges of
rivers. It us caused by heavy rains, deforestation and weather events
like typhoons, cyclones, etc.
 According to location:
URBAN FLOODING - type of flood occurring in urban areas which
is caused by intense and/or prolonged rainfall which overwhelms
the capacity of the drainage system.
 According to duration:
FLASH FLOOD - a sudden local flood characterized by a great
volume of water and a short duration. It occurs within minutes or
hours of heavy rainfall or because of a sudden release of water from
the breakup of an ice dam or constructed dam.
 According to duration:
SHEET FLOOD- an extensive flood usually occurring on low level
flat areas. The water from this type of flood takes hours or even days
for it to subside.
The commonly accepted measures for reducing flood damage are as follows:
1. Reduction of peak flow by reservoirs.
2. Confinement of the flow within a predetermined channel by levees, flood walls, or a closed
conduit.
3. Reduction of peak stage by increased velocities resulting from channel improvement.
4. Diversion of floodwaters through a flood bypass, which may return the water to the same
channel at a point downstream or deliver it to another channel or different watershed.
5. Floodproofing of specific properties
6. Reduction of flood runoff by land management.
7. Temporary evacuation of flood threatened areas on the basis of flood warnings.
8. Flood plain management.

Flood Mitigation projects often utilize a combination of these measures.

The Design Flood

In the design of a flood control project it would of course be desirable to provide

protection against the maximum probable flood, if this were feasible within acceptable
limits of cost. However, it is seldom practicable to provide absolute flood protection by
means of local protection projects or reservoirs; usually the costs are too high, and in
many cases the acquisition of adequate rights-of-way for the purpose would involve
unreasonable destruction or modification of properties along the floodway. As a rule,
some risk must be accepted in the selection of design flood discharge. A decision as to
how much risk should be accepted in each case is of utmost importance and should be
based on careful consideration of flood characteristics and potentialities in the basin, the
class of area to be protected, and economic limitations.

The design flood for a particular project may be either greater or less than the standard
project flood, depending to an important extent upon economic factors and other
practical considerations governing the selection of the design capacity in a specific case.
 FLOOD MITIGATION RESERVOIRS

There are two basic types of flood mitigation reservoirs:

1.Storage Reservoirs
2.Retarding Basins
 STORAGE RESERVOIRS
The discharge from a storage reservoir is regulated
by gates and valves operated on the basis of the
judgment of the project engineer.
Storage reservoirs for flood mitigation differ from
conservation reservoirs only in the need for a large
sluiceway capacity to permit rapid drawdown in
advance or after a flood.
 RETARDING BASINS
Are provided with fixed, ungated outlets that automatically
regulate the outflow in accordance with the volume of water in
storage.
It is an excavated area installed on, or adjacent to, tributaries
of rivers, streams, lakes or bays to protect against flooding and,
in some cases, downstream erosion by storing water for a
limited period of time.
Storage reservoirs are much more common than retarding basins. Both
differ only in the type of outlet works provided.
LEVEES AND FLOODWALLS

One of the oldest and most widely used methods of protecting land from
floodwater is to erect a barrier preventing overflow.
Levees and floodwalls - are longitudinal dams erected roughly parallel
to a river rather than across its channel.
A levee is an earth dike, while a flood wall is usually of masonry
construction.
In general, levees and flood walls must satisfy the same structural
criteria as regular dams.

Levees are most frequently used for flood mitigation because they can
be built at relatively low cost of materials available at the site.
Floodwalls - are designed to withstand the
hydrostatic pressure exerted by the water
when at design flood level. If the wall if
backed by an earth fill, it must also serve as a
retaining wall against the earth pressures
when stages are low.
FIG: Typical Flood Wall Sections
LEVEE MAINTENANCE AND FLOOD FIGHTING

Foundation conditions and building materials for levees are rarely fully
satisfactory and even with the best construction techniques, there is a
hazard of failure. Levees should undergo regular annual inspection with
the aim of looking for evidence of bank caving, weak spots created by
animals or vegetation, foundation settlement, bank sloughing, erosion
around the outlets of sewers or other pipes passing through the levee,
and other possible sources of danger. During floods a continuous patrol
of the levee should be maintained.

Flood fighting is the term applied to the the effort necessary during a
floo to maintain the effectiveness of a levee.
 METHODS FOR RAISING LEVEE HEIGHT IN EMERGENCIES
Earth embankment
Sand bags
Earth with timber
retaining wall
Mud box
FLOOD BYPASS

A flood bypass - sometimes referred to as a floodway, is

created by diversion works and topography that will permit
excess water in a river or stream to be directed into a
depression that will convey the floodwater across land that
can tolerate flooding. During flood stage, floodwater leaves
the river at controlled weirs and flows intro and through the
bypass.
REFORESTATION involves the replanting or regeneration of
areas of forest which have previously been damaged or
destroyed. Reforestation functions as anti-erosion and flood-
control measure.
EVACUATION AND FLOODPROOFING

Emergency Evacuation
Under certain circumstances, one of the most effective means of flood-
damage reduction is the emergency evacuation of the threatened area.
With reliable flood forecasts, this technique is adapted to sparsely
settled areas where property values do not justify other controls and
loss of life can be prevented by prompt evacuations.

Flood Proofing
In instances, where only isolated units of high value are threatened by
flooding, they may sometimes be individually flood-proofed. An
industrial plant comprising buildings, storage yards, roads, etc., may be
protected by a ring levee or floo walls.
LAND MANAGEMENT AND FLOOD MITIGATION

Experts have asserted that deforestation is the basic cause

of flood problems. It is establishe that vegetal cover
removes moisture from the soil by transpiration and that
it also promotes loose organic soil, which is favorable for
the infiltration of rainfalls. A heavy vegetal cover also
means high interception during storm. One could
therefore expect less flood runoff from a well-vegetated
area than from an area bare of vegetation.
BENEFITS OF FLOOD MITIGATION

1.Cost of replacing or repairing damage property

2.Cost of evacuation, relief, and rehabilitation of
victims, and emergency flood protection measures.
3.Losses as a result of disruption of business.
4.Loss of crops or cost of replanting crops
INTERVIEW: DPWH ( Department of Public Works and Highways)
Interview to: Engr. Rainier Palaganas

1. What are the techniques used in flood mitigation/prevention?

Answer:
-Roads
When designing drainage, there are corresponding design of roads.
First is the carriageway, next is the widening, curb and gutter then
sidewalk. The drainage plan is included on the sidewalk. So it depends
upon the location if what is the suitable drainage that must be
constructed, there is main canal and RCPC.
-Bridge
The flood mitigation on that part is the construction of slope
protection. Once there is a flood, the main focus of DPWH is to clear the
roads in order to be passable. In case of calamity the water from the
storm drainage is directed to the outfall, or the river under bridges.
2. What are the existing water structures here in Lucena City?
Answer:
On the costal areas, there are barriers like seawalls, that can be
considered as flood mitigation in case of storm surge.
INTERVIEW: PDRRMC (Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Council of Quezon Province)
Interview to: Dr. Henry L. Buzar
1. What are the different flood mitigation strategies?
The first mitigation objective is to strengthen the capacities of barangays.
So that after barangays are capacitated, they are now ready to face the
flood hazard.
2. What are the ways to strengthen these barangays?
Flood mitigation can be structural and non-structural. Structural mitigation
involves construction of different structures. One example is the
construction of seawalls for coastal areas, flood river control project and
reforestation.
 Another mitigation involving land use planning is the management of ridge.
(Matataas na lugar). The ridge part should be maintained, there should be
lots of trees and no soil erosion. So that when it rains, the runoff from the
high areas going to the low level areas are clean and not polluted.
3. Who are the one in charge in protecting the ridge?
DA, DENR, Forest Management Bureau, etc. They should protect the
slope so as to avoid flooding from the high areas and there are no
damming which results into flashfloods. Protection should be from ridge to
reef.
4. What is the drawback in constructing structures for flood mitigation?
It is costly. Like the 450M flood control project constructed in Infanta
quezon wherein they build a dike so that water cannot enter.
5. Are there restrictions enforced by the government on where to construct
houses?
Construction of houses for slopes with 18% and above should not be
allowed, because definitely there will be a landslide. And for coastal and
river areas, there should be a distance from the highest water line of no
less than 20 meters (setback). In protection of the people, a proper
zoning ordinances should be enforced.
6. In our province, where are the areas where mitigation is
constructed/needed?
Calauag. (They requested to increase the height of their existing sea wall)
General. Luna. (The dry area is at par with the sea. In case of storm
surge, it is very dangerous)
Sampaloc. (A good warning system should be installed.)
7. What are the flood prone areas in our province?
Since the Philippines is mostly surrounded by water, coastal areas are
usually prone to flood.
8. How about in Lucena City?
THANK YOU