MAE 343 - Intermediate Mechanics of

Materials
Tuesday, Sep. 21, 2004

Textbook Section 4.4

Strain Energy
Castiglianos Theorem
 Overview of Loads ON and IN
Structures / Machines
Structural Analysis

Applied Loads- Reaction Forces Internal Forces

Forces &Moments & Moments (at supports) & Moments

Body forces &couples From FBD of Resultants on

entire structure Cutting Surface

Surface forces&couples From FBD of

Flow Lines from Part of Structure
Applied to Reaction
Forces
Equilibrium Eqs.
Concentrated (3 in 2D, 6 in 3D)
FBD of Each
Component from
Forces through Depend on Location&
Contact Surfaces Orientation of
Distributed / Cutting Plane
Pressures Equilibrium Eqs.
(3 in 2D, 6 in 3D)
Shear Force &
Bending Moment
Diagrams
 Overview of Various Stress Patterns
Stresses- from Distribution of
Internal Forces over Given
Cross-Section

Uniaxial Tension or Pure Bending Beams Subjected Torsion of Round

Compression of of Long Beams to Transverse Forces or Prismatic Shafts
Straight Bars or
Lap Joints

Uniform Distributions Neutral Axis at Transverse Shear Stresses Moment of differential

of Stresses Centroid of Cross-section Result (Add-up) in torsional stress about
Shear Force in the centroid results in the
Cross-Section internal torque in cross-section

Normal Stress-Straight Bars Linear Distribution Distribution from Circular Cross-section:

Sigma=F/A over from Neutral Axis Neutral Axis Depends on Linear distribution, with
Sigma=(My)/I Shape of Cross-section Max. at the outer edge:
(Normal Axial Stresses) Tau(y)=(V*MomentArea)/(I*Z(y)) Tau=(Tr)/J

Direct Shear in Lap Joints Maximum may not be Prismatic Shafts -Torsion
Tau =P/A The Resultant of at neutral axis Leads to Warping
Bending Stresses Tau_max=(coef.)Tau_average Membrane Analogy:
is the Bending Moment Tau_max=T/Q, Theta=(TL)/KG
in the Cross-section
Power-Torque-RPM Relations:
Maximum at top Zero at top hp=(Tn)/63,025
or bottom, and zero and bottom edges kw=(Tn)/9549
at neutral axis

Bending of Asymmetric Beams:

IF Plane of Transverse Forces
passes through the SHEAR
CENTER, NO Torsion occurs
Problem No.2 in Exam
z No.1 M y z ( x dA)
z z z z
zA
xz (z)
x
y y xz
x
x y
x(z)
x x x
My x V xz dA
V Superposition of stresses from applied loads V and H A
V
z x(x) M z y( x dA) z
z H xy dA
z A
Mz xy(y)
A
y

x x x
H
y H y
y

x
x x
 Elastic Deformation for Different
Types of Loadings (Stress Patterns)
Straight uniform elastic bar loaded by
centered axial force (Figs. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
Similar to linear spring in elastic range
F ky, y f l f l0
Force-induced elastic deformation, f must
not exceed design allowable: failure is
predicted to occur if (FIPTOI): f-max>f-allow
Spring Constant (Rate) for elastic bar
k (lb / in ) F / y F / f
Normalize Force-deflection curve to obtain
Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram
F f
, f , so that :
A0 l0
F A0 A0 E
k ax , where : E f ( Hooke' s Law)
f l0 f l0
 Elastic Deformation for Different
Types of Loadings (Stress Patterns)
Torsional moment produces torsional shearing strain,
according to Hookes Law: = G
Shear strain, , is change in initially right angle (radians)
Angular deflection (twist angle) for elastic members:
TL
, where : K J for cylindrica l members
KG
Beam bending loads cause transverse deflections:
Deflection (elastic) curve obtained by integrating twice the
governing differential equation and using the boundary conditions:
d 2 y ( x) M z ( x)
2
, where " M " from bending moment diagram
dx EI zz
See Table 4.1 for deflection curves of several common cases
 Stored Strain Energy (Potential
Energy of Strain)
From Work done by external forces or moments
over corresponding displacements
Recovered by gradual unloading if elastic limit of the material
is not exceeded
Displacements (deformations) are LINEAR functions of
external loads if Hookes Law applies
Generalized forces include moments, and generalized
displacements include rotations (angular displacements)
Strain energy per unit volume for differential cubic
element (Fig. 4.11)
U x x z z
u
y y

dxdydz 2 2 2
 Total Strain Energy Formulas for
Common Stress Patterns
Members with uniform (constant) geometry material
properties along the longitudinal axis
Tension and Direct Shear
F F F FL F 2L
U tens Fave f ( ) ( ) , where A is cross sec tional area
2 k ax 2 AE 2 AE
P P P PL P2L
U dir shear Pave s ( ) ( ) , where A and L refer to the contact surface
Torsion 2 k dir shear 2 AG 2 AG
T T T TL T 2L
U tor Tave f ( ) ( )
2 ktor 2 KG 2 KG
Pure bending M M M ML M 2L
U bend M ave yf ( ) ( )
2 kbend 2 EI 2 EI
Strain energy associated with transverse shearing stresses is
complex function of cross-section and negligible in comparison to
bending strain energy (except for short beams)
Integrations are required if geometry or material
properties vary along the member (Table 4.6, where Q
 Castiglianos Theorem
Energy method for calculating displacements in a
deformed elastic body (Deflection equations - Table 4.6)
At ANY point where an external force is applied, the displacement
in the direction of that force is given by the partial derivative of the
total strain energy with respect to that force.
Example of simple tension in uniform prismatic bar:
dU d F 2L FL
( ) f
dF dF 2 EA EA
If no real force is applied at the point of interest, a DUMMY
force is applied at that point, and then set equal to zero in the
expression of the corresponding derivative of the total strain
energy.
Applicable also to calculating reactions at the supports
of statically redundant (undetermined) structures.
Set partial derivative equal to zero since there is no displacement
 Summary of Example Problems

Example 4.6 Total strain energy in beam

Simply supported beam loaded by concentrated load, P at mid-
span and moment M at left support
Superposition of cases 1 and 4 in Table 4.1
Example 4.7 Beam deflections and slopes
Determine reactions and expressions of the bending moment on
both sides of mid-span (from equilibrium)
Use deflection equations in Table 4.6 for mid-span deflection and
angular displacement (slope of deflection curve) at left support
Apply dummy moment at mid-span to calculate angular deflection
(slope of deflection curve) at mid-span
Given: L1=10 in, L2=5 in, P=1000 lb, s=1.25 in, d=1.25 in
Find: Use Castiglianos theorem to find deflection y0 under load P
 Summary of Textbook Problems
Problem 4.24, Castiglianos Theorem
Select coordinate system and identify the elements of
the total strain energy
Bending of square leg of support bracket
Torsion of square leg of support bracket
Bending of the round leg of support bracket
Differentiate the expression of U with respect to
load P, to find deflection y0
Stiffness properties of steel: E=30x106psi, G=11.5x106psi
Use Case 3 in Table 4.4 to find the geometric rigidity
parameter, K, of the square leg, K1= 0.34
Substitute all numerical values to obtain: y0 = 0.13 inches