02.

AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
 What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?
The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas

Mineral/materi

Sel Organ Organisme Populasi

Sistem Sistem Sistem Sistem Ekosistem

Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi

Organization of Life Biosphere

Biosphere Ecosystems

Ecosystems
Communities Communities

Populations
Organisms Populations

Organisms
Scales of Ecological Organization
INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?
KOMUNITAS ?
C

B
 INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organs
systems

Autecology/Physiological ecology
Organism
The branch of ecology that deals with the biological relationship between an
individual organism or an individual species and its environment.
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance
to stresses in environment where it will
live?
 POPULATIONS
A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
Important characteristics:
Population size, density, and dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
Characteristics of Populations
1. Population size,
density, and
dispersion
2. Birth and death rates
3. Growth rates
4. Age structure
5. Genetic Diversity
 POPULATIONS

Population ecology

Concerned :
Important in determining the factors that control
population size and growth

relation to the capacity of the environment to support

population over time
 Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, or
other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine the
processes common to all populations
Population Ecology in Action
Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economic
importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction
 COMMUNITIES
Communities an assemblage of populations
of many species living together in the same
location at the same time.
The important thing :
1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity
Number and types of species
Relative abundance of species
Interactions among species
3. Community Development
Community resilience to disturbance
Nutrient and energy flow
 COMMUNITIES

Community ecology

Concerned :
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different
species
Structural Properties of Communities
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
 ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological
processes.
Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient
recycling.
 665 000 670 000 675 000

PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU

Sido rej o

ntas
Example:
KEL. PENC ALUKAN

Ka li Bra
Sumb erb ran ta s

In Watershed DESA T ULUN G REJO

9140000

9140000
DESA SUM BERG O ND O DESA T OYO MAR TO

Ga be s

Jun ggo

Te ga lsa ri

Ge rdu

Sele kta

9135000

9135000
Keke p

Go nd ang

Paya n

Landuse:
Segu nd u Rek esa n Kul on
DESA PUN TEN
Kung ku k

Page rsa ri
Ge mbo l DESA BULU KERTO
Nge bru k Seng on an
Rek esa n Weta n
Page rgu nu ng Punte n
Ta la ngs ari

: Hutan Alami
Prumb un g
Pramb atan Bumi aji Gi ntun g
Ta la ngr ejo
Cla ket
Siko remb ug Ge mul o
Kand an ga n Kapr u Klir an
DESA
Brau L eb ak G UN UN G SAR I

: Hutan Produksi Baru

Brau Santri an
To ng gol ari

DESA SI DO MU LYO

Sumb ersa ri
Can ga r

DESA BUM IAJ I

Tl og ore jo
Boro las ah

: Hutan Reboisasi
Bana ran DESA PAND ANREJ O
DESA SUM BEREJO Ti nj omo yo
Beru DESA G I RIPU RN O
Bina ng un Sabr ang be nd o
Sumb ere jo Cem bo
Song go riti Kedu ng
Boro gon da ng
Klum usa n
Las ah

: Lahan Terbuka
Kaja r
Sawa ha n
9130000

Plam bo yan

9130000
Ngu ju ng
Dad ap an Kraj an
Song go kerto Pesa ntren
Fl amb oya n Ta mbu h Kali pu ti h DESA T AW AN G AR G O
Nga gl ik Uta ra Pand an Ngu di
Pesa ng grah an
DESA PASANG G RAH AN Nga gl ik Se lata n Kraj an
DESA PAND ESAR I Wun uca ri Leb an

: Pemukiman Sreb et Bara t Dur ek

Sreb et Ti mur
KEL. SI SIR
Nge mul Medu ran
KEL. SO NG G O KERT O Brak
Ge ntin g
Sreb et Ti mur Te mas
Nge mul
Medu ran
Kler ek
KEL. Te mas Ba rat
T EMAS Putuk

: Perkebunan
KEL. N G AG LI K Kali mal an g
Batu Ge ne nga n
Kamp un gan yar Kamp un gan yar Besu l

Kamp un gteh
Suko mul yo
To yome rto Gl on ggo ng
Ngu di
To yoma rto
Kraj an
DESA T OR O NG REJ O

: Rumput AR EAL KEHU TANAN

Oro -oro om bo
Go nd ore jo

Beji
DESA BEJI Ngu kir

DESA PEND EM

: Sawah DESA O RO -O R O OM BO

Tl eku ng DESA J UNR EJO

Rej oso
Kaja ng

DESA MO JNga nd at O
O REJ
Pend em

DESA T LEKU NG

: Semak Dre sel Jed ing Dad apD

tu liAD
s Utara
Jun rejo DESA APREJO

Ga ng sira np utuk
U
9125000

9125000
: Tegalan
B T

S
2000 0 2000 4000 Meters

665 000 670 000 675 000

 Components of Ecosystem

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Sunlight Primary producers

Temperature Herbivores

Precipitation Carnivores

Water or moisture Omnivores

Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores

etc. etc.

All of these vary over space/time

Biosphere
The biosphere is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere
Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
 Processes of Ecosystems

How ecosystems function:

1. Ecosystems have energy flows and
ecosystems materials cycles.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
1. Energy flows and materials cycles

Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles

Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

Biochemical cycles in ecosystem
1.
2. The carbon cycle
3. The phosphorus cycle
AGROECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged

ecosystem
Closed ecosystemall elements recycled through ecosystem
not often pure closed ecosystems anymorehumans frequently
involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed
ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again
 Characteristics Agroecosystem Natural
Ecosystem
Productivity High Low
Species diversity Low High
(monoculture)
can use crop
rotation and
intercropping to
stabilize more
Genetic diversity Low High
within species
Plant life-cycles Few All, more
present perennial
Competition Negative Tolerable
(ecological niche)
Flowering, plant Synchronized Seasonal
maturing
Nutrient Cycles Open Closed
Permanence Short Long
Human Control High Low
Ecological Maturity Early, immature Mature, climax
ENERGY FLOW
Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.
 POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM
Crop Populations
Seed brought in by producer
High seed viability
Uniform seed dispersal
Low dormancy, carryover of
seed
Uniform soils
Uniform population age,
genetics
Even spacing within species
High allocation of plant
resources to reproduction
(seed)
Natural Plant Population
(also true of weeds)
Seed produced mostly by
local plants
Variable seed viability
Non-uniform seed dispersal
Possibility of dormancy,
delayed germination
(carryover)
Variable soil types
Diverse population age,
genetics
Variable spacing within
species
Allocation to seed production
may be lower
 NUTRIENT CYCLING

AGROECOSYSTEM NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Using the soil as a Inputs:

pool of nutrients: Plant residue
Inputs: Animal wastes
Fertilizers Animal residue
Crop residues Atmosphere
Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs: Outputs:
Crops then Plants animals
removal from grazing on plants
area
Erosion Denitrification
Leaching Run-off
Run-off leaching

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