Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Real
shift to a lower critical load value 100% Peak
108% Peak Power
- in 3 years
Voltage Excursions New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Out-of-Step Relaying PF
Fault
Do not trip on recoverable swings d
d0 dCR dL
Separate the out of step segments 0 180
Equal-area: A1 > A2 => instability
Separate to match generation and load
Detailed stability studies required
Detecting the multi-area out-of-step may
be required
Small Signal Instability New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
1.2
Nominal Frequency
0.8
GAIN
0.6
Upper Envelope
0.4
Lower Envelope
0.2
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
frequency, Hz
Phasor Estimation- Off-nominal
Frequency Response New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
1.2
Off-Nominal Frequency
momentary overestimation
- Frequency Tracking
1
The estimated magnitude oscillates algorithms are
between the upper and lower envelopes
momentary underestimation slow/ may stop
0.8
tracking during a
disturbance.
GAIN
0.6
- Effect on Current
0.4
differential
schemes are
0.2
inconsequential.
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
frequency, Hz
Transmission Line Protection New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Zone 2
ZLine
ZArc
ZLoad
R
Load Encroachment Logic New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Methods Available
to prevent relay
operation for loads
Zone 3 Summary New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
(a) (b)
X X
Bus R Bus R
X X Swing locus
Swing locus
a b (c) (d)
X X
X X
Bus R Bus R
dX
R R
Dependability for
dR close in faults; small
Selective zone overtripping spots
c d
Bus S Bus S
R R
109.959
Vabi
X I
voltios
OP I Zn V
VabMi
I Zn
POL VM
V 109.959
1350 i 1800
muestras
190
I
RI
Zs I degrees
150
100
90
80
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
300 i 1200
samples
Current differential
Asymmetric Channel delays may cause misoperation
Harmonics or frequency deviation may affect
depending on the filtering technique used.
Generally not affected by other stressed conditions.
Parallel lines
Multi-Terminal and Tapped lines
Series compensated lines
High speed communication scheme considerations
Transformer Protection New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Thermal
Provides protection against loss of life of the transformer
Used for tripping if top oil or Winding Temperature
exceeds a set point
Overcurrent
Overload protection ( Some degree of thermal
Protection).
Typically set to 130% to 200% of the top rating.
May operate during temporary overloads.
Transformer Thermal/ Overcurrent
Relay Solutions New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Differential protection.
CT saturation detection may block relay during high
current flows.
Adaptive protection scheme is proposed in the report to
use 2 out of 3 voting scheme during system stressed
conditions.
Other Protection Schemes New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Questions?