Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y.

Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Oversampling ADC

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Nyquist-Rate ADC
The black box version of the quantization process
Digitizes the input signal up to the Nyquist frequency (fs/2)
Minimum sampling frequency (fs) for a given input bandwidth
Each sample is digitized to the maximum resolution of the converter

Vref

bn
A/D
...
b1
Analog input Digital output
fs

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Anti-Aliasing Filter (AAF)

PSD Input signal must be
band-limited prior to
sampling
f
fm=fs/2 Nyquist sampling places
stringent requirement on
PSD AAF
the roll-off characteristic
of AAF
Often some oversampling
f
fm fs is employed to relax the
AAF design (better phase
PSD DF AAF response too)
Decimation filter (digital)
can be linear-phase
f
fm Mfs

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Oversampling ADC
Sample rate is well beyond the signal bandwidth
Coarse quantization is combined with feedback to provide an accurate
estimate of the input signal on an average sense
Quantization error in the coarse digital output can be removed by the
digital decimation filter
The resolution/accuracy of oversampling converters is achieved in a
sequence of samples (average sense) rather than a single sample; the
usual concept of DNL and INL of Nyquist converters are not applicable

Vref

bn
OSR

...
A/D d1
b1
Analog input Digital output Decimation filter
fs

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Relaxed AAF Requirement

Nyquist-rate converters
Oversampling converters
OSR = fs/2fm
|X(jf)| |X(jf)|

f f
fm=fs/2 2fs 3fs fm fs/2
|X(jf)| |X(jf)|

f f
2fs 3fs fs/2

Sub-sampling Band-pass oversampling

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Oversampling ADC
Predictive type
Delta modulation
Noise-shaping type
Sigma-delta modulation
Multi-level (quantization) sigma-delta modulation
Multi-stage (cascaded) sigma-delta modulation (MASH)

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Oversampling
Nyquist Oversampled

bn bn
A/D A/D M
...

...
b1 b1
Decimation filter
fs
Mfs
2/12 OSR = M
PSD PSD
2/12

f f
-fs/2 fs/2 -Mfs/2 -fs/2 fs/2 Mfs/2

Sample rate Noise power Power

Nyquist fs 2/12 P
Oversampled M*fs (2/12)/M M*P
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Noise Shaping
PSD

Vi H(f) A/D
f
-Mfs/2 -fs/2 fs/2 Mfs/2

Mfs
Push noise out of signal band

e
H(f) 1 2
H-1(f) 1 Vi H(f)
f
fs/2 Mfs/2
e e
Large gain @ LF, low gain @ HF
Integrator? 1 2

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Sigma-Delta () Modulator

z-1

First-order
modulator
Vi A/D Do

D/A

Noise shaping obtained with an integrator

Output subtracted from input to avoid integrator saturation
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Linearized Discrete-Time Model

E(z)

z 1
X(z) H(z) Y(z) H(z)
1 z 1

Signal Transfer Function :

Yz
Yz Hz Xz Yz Ez STF z 1 Delay
Xz
Hz 1
Yz Xz Ez
1 Hz 1 Hz Noise Transfer Function :
Y z

Yz z 1 Xz 1 z 1 Ez NTF
Ez
1 z 1 HP

Caveat: E(z) may be correlated with X(z) not white!

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

First-Order Noise Shaping

2
f
2sin fm
2 1
N
2
fs
2
e NTF df
PSD 0
12 fs 2
2
2 1 m f
f

2sin df
12 fs 2 0 fs
f 2
fm fs/2 2 1 m
f
f
2 df
12 fs 2 0 fs
In - band quantization noise :
3
2 2 2 2fm 2

N
2
e 12 fs 3
12 3M3

Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by 9 dB (1.5 bit/oct)

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

SC Implementation
CI

1 CS 2
Vi
Do
2 1

+VR 1-b
-VR DAC

SC integrator
1-bit ADC simple, ZX detector
1-bit feedback DAC simple, inherently linear

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Second-Order Modulator
INT1 INT2

Vi z-1 z-1 A/D Do

D/A

Signal Transfer Function :

In - band quantizati on noise :
STF z 2
2
4
Noise Transfer Function :
N2e

NTF 1 z 1
2
12 5M5
Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by 15 dB (2.5 bit/oct)

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

2nd-Order Modulator (1-Bit Quantizer)

1-bit
Vi z-1 z-1 Do
A/D

1 2
1-bit
1 D/A

Yz 2
z 1 Ez
Xz 2
2 jy
z-plane
z 1 z 1

(2) (2)
Simple, stable, highly-linear x
0 1
Insensitive to component mismatch
Less correlation b/t E(z) and X(z)

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Generalization (Lth-Order Noise Shaping)

Modulator transfer function :

2L 1 M2L1

Yz z n Xz 1 z 1 Ez
L

2L

In - band quantizati on noise :

2 2L
N
2

12 2L 1 M2L 1
e

Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by (6L+3) dB, or (L+0.5) bit

Potential instability for 3rd- and higher-order single-loop modulators

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

vs. Nyquist ADCs

ADC output (1-bit) Nyquist ADC output

+1

-1

ADC behaves quite differently from Nyquist converters

Digital codes only display an average impression of the input
INL, DNL, monotonicity, missing code, etc. do not directly apply in
converters use SNR, SNDR, SFDR instead

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Tones

Vi = 0 ...
T

Vi = 0.001 ...
2000*T

The output spectrum corresponding to Vi = 0 results in a tone at fs/2, and

will get eliminated by the decimation filter
The 2nd output not only has a tone at fs/2, but also a low-frequency tone
fs/2000 that cannot be eliminated by the decimation filter

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Tones
Origin the quantization error spectrum of the low-resolution ADC
(1-bit in the previous example) in a modulator is NOT white, but
correlated with the input signal, especially for idle (DC) inputs.
(R. Gray, Spectral analysis of sigma-delta quantization noise)
Approaches to whitening the error spectrum
Dither high-frequency noise added in the loop to randomize the
quantization error. Drawback is that large dither consumes the input
dynamic range.
Multi-level quantization. Needs linear multi-level DAC.
High-order single-loop modulator. Potentially unstable.
Cascaded (MASH) modulator. Sensitive to mismatch.

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Cascaded (MASH) Modulator

E(z)

X(z) H(z) Y(z)

D/A

A/D DNTF
E(z)

Idea: to further quantize E(z) and later subtract out in digital domain
The 2nd quantizer can be a modulator as well

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 Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

2-1 Cascaded Modulator

INT1 INT2
E1(z)
Y1(z)
-1 -1
X(z) z z z-1 Y(z)

2
D/A

INT3
E2(z)
E1(z) Y2(z)
-1
z (1-z-1)2

DNTF
D/A

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

2-1 Cascaded Modulator

Y1z z 2 Xz 1 z 1 E1z z 1
2

Y2 z z 1E1z 1 z 1 E2 z 1 z 1
2

Yz Y1z Y2 z

2

2

z 3 Xz z 1 1 z 1 E1z z 1 1 z 1 E1z 1 z 1 E2 z
3

z 3 Xz 1 z 1 E2 z
3

E1(z) completely cancelled assuming perfect matching between the

modulator NTF (analog domain) and the DNTF (digital domain)
A 3rd-order noise shaping on E2(z) obtained
No potential instability problem

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

Integrator Noise
N1 INT1 N2 INT2 E1

X(z) H(z) H(z) Y1(z)

2
D/A

N3 INT3 E2

H(z) Y2(z)
INT1 dominates
the overall noise
Delay ignored D/A Performance!

2

2
Y X N1 1 z 1 N2 1 z 1 N3 1 z 1 E1 1 z 1 E2 3

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

References
1. B. E. Boser and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1298-1308, issue 6, 1988.
2. B. H. Leung et al., JSSC, pp. 1351-1357, issue 6, 1988.
3. T. C. Leslie and B. Singh, ISCAS, 1990, pp. 372-375.
4. B. P. Brandt and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1746-1756, issue 12, 1991.
5. F. Chen and B. H. Leung, JSSC, pp. 453-460, issue 4, 1995.
6. R. T. Baird and T. S. Fiez, TCAS2, pp. 753-762, issue 12, 1995.
7. T. L. Brooks et al., JSSC, pp. 1896-1906, issue 12, 1997.
8. A. K. Ong and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1920-1934, issue 12, 1997.
9. S. A. Jantzi, K. W. Martin, and A.S. Sedra, JSSC, pp. 1935-1950, issue 12, 1997.
10. A. Yasuda, H. Tanimoto, and T. Iida, JSSC, pp. 1879-1886, issue 12, 1998.
11. A. R. Feldman, B. E. Boser, and P. R. Gray, JSSC, pp. 1462-1469, issue 10, 1998.
12. H. Tao and J. M. Khoury, JSSC, pp. 1741-1752, issue 12, 1999.
13. E. J. van der Zwan et al., JSSC, pp. 1810-1819, issue 12, 2000.
14. I. Fujimori et al., JSSC, pp. 1820-1828, issue 12, 2000.
15. Y. Geerts, M.S.J. Steyaert, W. Sansen, JSSC, pp. 1829-1840, issue 12, 2000.

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014

References
16. T. Burger and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 1868-1878, issue 12, 2001.
17. K. Vleugels, S. Rabii, and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1887-1899, issue 12, 2001.
18. S. K. Gupta and V. Fong, JSSC, pp. 1653-1661, issue 12, 2002.
19. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 1636-1644, issue 12, 2002.
20. J. Silva et al., CICC, 2002, pp. 183-190.
21. Y.-I. Park et al., CICC, 2003, pp. 115-118.
22. L. J. Breems et al., JSSC, pp. 2152-2160, issue 12, 2004.
23. R. Jiang and T. S. Fiez, JSSC, pp. 63-74, issue 12, 2004.
24. P. Balmelli and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 2161-2169, issue 12, 2004.
25. K. Y. Nam et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 515-518.
26. X. Wang et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 523-526.
27. A. Bosi et al., ISSCC, 2005, pp. 174-175.
28. N. Yaghini and D. Johns, ISSCC, 2005, pp. 502-503.
29. G. Mitteregger et al., JSSC, pp. 2641-2649, issue 12, 2006.
30. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 2632-2640, issue 12, 2006.

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