TIMBER

1. DEFINITION OF TIMBER
2. HISTORY OF USAGE
3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TIMBER AND
LUMBER
4. WOOD STRUCTURE
5. CLASSIFICATIONS OF TIMBER
6. QUALITIES OF A OF TIMBER
7. SEASONING OF TIMBER
8. DEFECTS IN TIMBER
 1. DEFINITION
It refers to wood used for construction works
Timbrian to build
Converted Timber-
Standing Timber- a obtained by
timber in the form sawing rough
of tree that yields timbers into
good wood for commercial sizes
construction like planks,
beams, etc.
Rough Timber- obtained from felling trees wherein its branches are cut
and its stem is roughly converted into pieces of suitable length, so that
it can be transported to timber yard.
 Structural Timber- used to refer to timbers machined for use in
structural applications, such as roof battens, floor joists and
studwork for partitioned walls. Structural or carcassing timbers are
typically machined to specific dimensions and fire or pressure
treated according to their planned usage within a building.

Cable stayed
bridge
Aggerbogen
in Lohmar,
Germany, by
Schaffitzel
Miebach.
Giant Hand-Built Timber Tower out of Czech Countryside
 Kona Residence in Hawaii

by Belzberg Architects
 2. HISTORY OF USAGE
Era Application Forms
Wall framing Close studding to create loadbearing wall panels
Square panels with curved braces chevron bracing
Floor structures Common joists between spine beams jettied floor construction
Roofs Common rafter roofs
Purlin-supported roofs
Arched roofs
Medieval Collar-tied roofs
Scissor- braced roofs
Crown-post roofs
Whole buildings Cruck frames
Box frames
Post and stud frames
Aisled construction
 Era Application Forms
Wall framing Internal partitions
Trussed partitions
Floor structures Common joists with primary girder beams
Ceiling joists
Post Trussed girders
Medieval
(17th Roofs King post trusses with ironwork
19th Queen post trusses with ironwork
century) Mansard Roofs
Mechanically laminated timber arches
 Era Application Forms
Roof and floor Use of mechanical connectors
structures Glued laminated timber beams
Lattice girders
I-joists and open-web joists
Plywood box beams
Modern Belfast trusses
(20th Fink, Pratt and Warren trusses
century Bowstring girder
onwards) Folded plate roofs
Whole buildings Arches and rigid frames
Post and beam construction
Membrane shells
Platform- frame construction
Balloon- frame construction
 3. TIMBER OR LUMBER?
LUMBER
smaller than 5 inches wide by 5
inches thick (regardless of length)
These pieces are machine-planed
and sawn to fit certain dimensional
specifications (e.g., 2x4", 2x8", etc.)
and primarily used in residential
construction
TIMBER
over 5 inches wide by 5 inches thick
(regardless of length)
*Beams- timber pieces that exceed 8"
wide by 8" thick
often used to construct the frames of
large structures such as buildings and
bridges
is also commonly utilized in large
quantities for railroad ties, mine shaft
supports and crossbeams on utility
poles.
4. WOOD STRUCTURE
 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER
ACCORDING TO MODE OF GROWTH
ENDOGENOUS EXOGENOUS
- Grows inwards - Grows outward by adding
- Not useful for structural distinct consecutive ring
works every year. (annual rings)

Coniferous

Deciduous
 Coniferous Deciduous
Cone shape leaves and fruits Broad leaves
Leaves dont fall until new one are Leaves fall in autumn and new ones
grown appear in springs
Yields softwood Yields hardwood

Norway Spruce
 Hardwood versus Softwood comparison chart
Hardwood Softwood
Uses hardwoods are more likely to be found About 80% of all timber comes from
in high-quality furniture, decks, flooring, softwood.
and construction that needs to last. found in building components (e.g.,
windows, doors), furniture, medium-
density fiberboard (MDF), paper,
Christmas trees, and much more.
Density Most hardwoods have a higher density Most softwoods have a lower density than
than most softwoods. most hardwoods.
Cost Hardwood is typically more expensive Softwood is typically less expensive
than softwood. compared to hardwood.
Growth Hardwood has a slower growth rate. Softwood has a faster rate of growth.
Shedding Hardwoods shed their leaves over a Softwoods tend to keep their needles
of leaves period of time in autumn and winter. throughout the year.
Fire More Poor
Resistance
 6. QUALITIES OF GOOD TIMBER
A. Hardness
B. Strength
C. Toughness
D. Elasticity
E. Durability
F. Defects
G. Fibers and Structure
H. Appearance and Color
I. Shape and Weight
J. Workability
 7. SEASONING OF
TIMBER

Natural Artificial
Seasoning Seasoning
 NATURAL SEASONING

AIR SEASONING WATER SEASONING

ARTIFICIAL SEASONING

KILN SEASONING
 8. DEFECTS IN TIMBER

Due to Natural
Forces Due to defective
Due to attack by
seasoning and
fungi and insects
conversions
Knots
Shakes

Wind Cracks

Upsets
 DUE TO NATURAL FORCES

KNOTS SHAKES
 DUE TO NATURAL FORCES

UPSETS WIND CRACKS

DUE TO DEFECTIVE SEASONING AND
CONVERSIONS
DUE TO ATTACK BY FUNGI AND INSECTS
Presented by:

DE CHAVEZ, MAICA A.
CE- 4102