MUSCULAR TISSUE

AND
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

KIRAN SAINI MAM VIVEK KUMAR
MUSCLE TISSUE

Muscle cells/fibers
Elongated
Contain many my filaments: Actin & Myosin
FUNCTION
Movement
Maintenance of posture
Joint Stabilization
Heat Generation
Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
(EACH SKELETAL MUSCLE IS AN ORGAN)
Cells
Long and cylindrical, in bundles
Multinucleate
Obvious Striations
Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary
Connective Tissue Components:
Endomysium- surrounds fibers
Perimysium- surrounds bundles
Epimysium- surrounds the muscle
Attached to bones, fascia, skin
Origin & Insertion
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cells
Branching, chains of cells
Single or Binucleated
Striations
Connected by Intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary

Myocardium-heart muscle
Pumps blood through vessels
Connective Tissue Component
Endomysium: surrounding cells
SMOOTH MUSCLE
TISSUE
Cells
Single cells, uninucleate
No striations

Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)

Found in hollow organs, blood vessels

Connective Tissue Component

Endomysium: surrounds cells
N E R V OUS T I SSUE

Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct impulses

Cell body, dendrite, axon
Characterized by:
No mitosis (cell replication)
Longevity
High metabolic rate
 NERVOUS TISSUE: CONTROL
Support cells (= Neuroglial): nourishment, insulation,
protection

Satellite cells- surround cell bodies within ganglia

Schwann cells- surround axons (PNS)
Microglia- phagocytes
Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin sheaths around axons
Ependymal cells- line brain/spinal cord, ciliated, help circulate CSF

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

MUSCLE TISSUE
FIGURE 4.1
THE GROUPS, LAYERS OF BODILY
MUSCLES

10
APONEUROSES OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
21. External Obliques
22. Rectus
Abdominus
23. Sheath of the
straight muscle of the
abdomen
31. Sartorius
32. Rectus Femoris
33. Pectineus
35. Adductor Longus
Psoas Major
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeleton
Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about
joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment.
The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton.
Skeletal Musculature
A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move.
Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment
Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-
ment
MUSCLE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
SKELETAL MUSCLE

Cells are multinucleate

Striated voluntary muscle
Divides via satellite cells
 CARDIAC MUSCLE

Cardiocytes occur only in the heart

Striated involuntary muscle
Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction
 SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

Non-striated involuntary muscle

Can divide and regenerate
 NEURAL TISSUE

Conducts electrical impulses

Conveys information from one area to another
 NEURAL TISSUE CELLS

Neurons
Transmit information

Neuroglia
Support neural tissue
Help supply nutrients to neurons
NEURAL TISSUE
 NEURAL ANATOMY

Cell body

Dendrites

Axon (nerve fiber)

Carries information to other neurons
THE LOBES OF THE CORTEX

Parietal
Sensing
Primary
sensory cortex
Homunculus
TISSUE INJURIES AND AGING

Inflammation and regeneration

Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion
Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration
 TISSUE INJURIES AND AGING

Inflammatory response
Isolates injured area
Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed
Infection avoided
Regeneration restores normal function
AN INTRODUCTION TO INFLAMMATION
 AGING AND TISSUE REPAIR

Change with age

Repair and maintenance less efficient
Structure altered
Chemical composition altered
AGING AND CANCER INCIDENCE
Incidence of cancer increases with age

70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors

CHANGES IN A TISSUE UNDER STRESS
YOU SHOULD NOW BE FAMILIAR WITH:
The four major tissue types and their functions.
The relationship between form and function for each tissue
type.
The types and functions of epithelial tissues.
The structure and function of connective tissues.
The structure and function of the four types of membrane.
The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of
each.
The basic structure and role of neural tissue.