The Highways and lis Development Engr. CM Del RosarioTT MIN a ACM eo LIN Ale lek) | Early roads with hard surfaces were found to have been Constructed in the Mesopotamia as early as 3,500 BC. The early road systems were constructed primarily for: 1. Movement of armies for conquest or for defense against invasion 2. Transport of food and trade of goods between towns and citiesThe Romans, who discovered and introduced the use of cement, expand their vast empire through an exten- sive road network radiating in many directions from the Capital city of Rome. Ue Colatelmcotero hm Lc Mo CoM RKC ee RTO 1. A layer of small broken stones 2. A layer of small stones mixed with mortar and firmly compacted 3. A wearing course of massive stone blocks properly set and bedded with cement mortarEarly Laws that Governed the Road Saxon Laws imposed three mandatory duties for the people: 1. To repair the roads and bridges 2. To maintain the castles and the garrisons 3. To aid repel invasions The decreed that: 1. The king’s highway is sacred. Anybody who occupy any portion thereof by exceeding the boundaries of the land is considered to have encroached the king himself. 2. The roads are for public use. All persons who wish to use them may do so.Highways in the Philippines 1. 2 Before 1900, transportation is on trail, water, railroad, earthroad, and partially gravel roads. Highways are non-existent. . The American government initiated most of the development of our roadway system. They initiated the macadam roads to connect towns and provinces in the country. . After WWII, special attention is given to the development of roads. The newly installed government embarked on massive road building program. . 20 years later, major highways and expressways came to existence with financial assistance and loans from the World Bank. . From 1950 to 1980, cars was a vital means in transporting persons and goods.Planning Difficulties Engineers are conscious of the needs for roads and hi. Wa to be safe, useful and attractive as early as planning and design. They are also aware of the need to provide roadside improve- ments, erosion control and noise abatement. However, certain difficulties are confronting highways and transportation planners. These are: 1. Financial 2. Political 3. Technical The present economic condition and foreign debt of our country have given our government a big headache in generating funds.Highways Programming There are three separable sets of inputs involved in hi ay programming, namely: 1. Economic - that deals with the resources 2. Financial - deals with questions of who pays and who spends, how much and where 3. Political and Administration - it deals with decision making In highway programming, projects are prioritized, those that are most economically viable are selected. Next, they are verified if they fit in the financial capability and political criteria. Projects failing on either the financial or political criteria should be modified or abandoned for a substitute or alternative which pass the tests.Elements of Highway Programming Approach | 1. Financial resources such as construction, operation & maintenance 2. Recognition of legislative and administrative desire & constraint 3. Tentative priorities based on economic analysis, critical situations present and future level of traffic and claims. 4. Providing a continuity of route system and transportation mode. 5. Selection of projects to balance the duration of projects, availability of labor & materials and climatic conditions. 6. Scheduling the project implementation in coordination with other agencies, acquiring right of way and making final plan and specifications. 7. Budgetary reserve to cover emergencies such as floods and other natural disasterCost and value of highway construction | A. QUANTIFIABLE MARKET VALUE 1. Cost of Highway — such as a. Planning Cost b. Right of way appropriation c. Construction Cost d. Maintenance Cost e. Operating Cost 2. Cost benefits to highway users a. Vehicle Operating Cost - Net increase or decrease in costs of vehicle operation per year b. Travel Time Savings — Net increase or decrease in travel time c. Motorist Safety (Economic Cost of Accident) —- Net change in expected number of accidents times the average cost.Cost and value of highway construction | B. NON-QUANTIFIABLE NON-MARKET VALUE 1. Cost Benefits to Highway user such as: a. Motorists safety - accident cost of pain, suffering and deprivation b. Comfort and conversion — discomfort, inconvenience, and strain of driving c. Aesthetic from driving viewpoint - benefit of pleasing views and scenery of road C. QUANTIFIABLE NON-MARKET VALUES 1. Cost Benefits to Highway Users a. Travel Time Savings - minutes saved per vehicle tripTHE PLANNER a Before any project come to reality, it has to undergo rig and careful studies involving participation of several line agencies that are involved. Proposals maybe opposed or questioned by other agencies or in the political arena. The functions of the planners are: 1. Prepare the preliminary design — scope, basic needs, plans, and objectives of affected persons 2. Exploration of Alternatives — data gathering by contacting representatives of other agencies involved 3. Detailed Analysis — preparation of detailed plan for appropriate community interaction 4. The Choice — secure formal ratification by local officials and document the results. If nothing goes wrong this step is final.REMOTE SENSING . This also called Photogrammetry. It is a science of obtai Measurements by means of photography. It is based on aerial Photographs for engineers working data on: 1. Locations 6. Drainage 2. Planning 7. Soil Classifications 3. Geometric Design 8. Earthwork measurement 4. Right of Way 9. Material location 5. Traffic Studies 10. Pavement Condition Survey The information from Photogrammetry is recalled and the computer is programmed to develop: 1. Profiles 3. Cut and fill earthwork quantities 2. Cross-sections 4. Motorist view of roadWith the photographs and computer record data, a sep: cy Map could be plotted easily such as: 1. Highways 4. Housing 2. Drainage 5. Land Use and Zoning PMO Ios 6. Property Assessment LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED HIGHWAY The development and popular use of motor vehicles prompted road agencies to improve road alignment and minimize sharp Curves. The width were standardized and the grades flattened. The location surveys in the rurals are divided into four stages: 1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire area 2. Reconnaissance survey of all feasible routes Pac lanllale NASON A) OMAN eLO i) 4. Location survey, staking the ROW and highway.LOCATION OF BRIDGES I Highways and bridges has but one purpose — to convey iS, The location and position of the bridge is subordinate to the gene- ral alignment and grade. The foundation design for piers and abutment has a large effect on cost, but cost is not always the de- termining factor. HIGHWAYS PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS The plan and specification are set of documents of instructions conditions under which highways are built. These are: 1. Traffic 5. Structure 2. Drainage COMA Ye) 3. Erosion Control 7. Pavement 4, Roadside DevelopmentDETAILS COVERED BY THE STANDARD DRAWING | . Pipe Culverts . Concrete Box Culverts . Guard Rail and Parapet Lorie) Gutters PLOW ORS (Vol (0 K-55) . Sidewalks . Drainage inlet and outlet structures of numerous types . Manholes 10. Riprap and other devices used for bank protection 11. Fences and right of way 12. Other survey markers Roo aE oo OiSPECIFICATIONS | Specifications are divided into two: 1. Standard Specifications - apply to a project implemented by administration which treat the subject that repeatedly occur the agency work. 2. Special Provisions - covers peculiar item of the project in question that include addition, modification to standard specifications. NpeT | Instructions Indicate the Date and Quiz Nes limyoumsaprer Kclemiitications Wiite the correct word/words. Wromgispelliime wrong. No solicitation of answers, 1-3 Three difficulties encountered in planning 4-6 Three separable sets of inputs involved in highway programming 7-9 Three costs under the Cost of Highway 10 Alternate term for remote sensing 11-15 Five data results under remote sensing 16-20 Five schemes incorporated in the plans and specifications 21-23 Subjects covered by the standard drawing 24-25 Two highway specification divisions x) 6ae a 1-3 Three difficulties encountered in planning iesimamciall 2. Political 3. Technical 4-6 Three separable sets of inputs involved in highway programming Economic 2. Financial 3. Politicall and Aaimimisivenion) 7-9 Three costs under the Cost of Highway leplcinmingiEost 2. Construction Cost 3. Maintenaneceleost AeOmerating Cost 5. ROW Appropriation SPN telat oan hile) PhOtogrelnalimiennys 11-15 Five data results under remote sensing 1. Locations §. Traffic studies vs icteric location 2. Planning &, Drainage’ 10. Pavement RaCeomenicWesign 7. Soill Classification condtiion survey NON 8: Eartihwonk@Mecasyae a 16-20 Five schemes incorporated in the plans and specifications 1. Wwenhite 4. Roadside Dev. 7 Rawemnernt PE Dicinage 5. Structure SmEVosion Control 6. Soils 21-23 Subjects covered by the standard drawing 1. Pipe CUINGKS 6. Curb siruetures Preece ier PmaGoneneie Box culverts 7. Sidewalks 12. Qilher survey Rmcwcnaiiail& parapet 8. Drainage in&outlef mernkers 4 Curlss 9. Manholes 5, Guiers 10. Riprap 24-25 Two highway specification divisions: | Siandare] Spectiieciions "As Secicll ProvisionsNEXT TOPIC: “DESIGNING THE HIGHWAY” bil [ols 1. Handbook of Highway Engineering -T.F. Fwa 2. Highway Engineering — Martin Rogers 3. Highway Engineering — Paul Wright 4. Elements of Roads and Highways — M.B. Fajardo