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Uniform flow formula, which is suitable for the design of stable nonerodible
channels, provides an insufficient condition for the design of erodible channels.
Only after a stable section of the erodible channel is obtained, the uniform flow
formula can be used for computing the velocity of flow and discharge.
The maximum permissible velocity is the greatest mean velocity that will not cause
erosion of the channel body.
This velocity is very uncertain and can be estimated only with experience and
judgment.
In general, old channels will stand much higher velocities than the new ones,
because the old channel bed is usually better stabilized, particularly with the
deposition of colloidal matter.
Table 7.3
Material Side slope
Rock Nearly vertical
Muck and peat soils :1
Stiff clay or earth with
concrete lining : 1 to 1:1
Earth with stone lining,
or earth for large channels 1:1
Firm clay or earth for small ditches 1: 1
Loose sandy earth 2:1
Sandy loam or porous clay 3:1
Maximum permissible velocities in noncohesive materials
Figure 7.3
Permissible velocities for cohesive soils
Figure 7.4
Procedure: Method of Permissible Velocity
Design procedure for a trapezoidal channel section, consists of the following steps:
1. For the given material forming the channel body, estimate the roughness
coefficient n, side slope z, and the maximum permissible velocity V.
2. Compute the hydraulic radius R by the Mannings formula.
3. Compute the water area required by the given discharge and permissible velocity,
A = Q/V.
4. Compute the wetted perimeter, P = A/R.
5. Using the expressions for A and P, solve simultaneously for b and y.
6. Add a proper freeboard, and modify the section for practicability.
Example 7.3 : Permissible velocity method
Compute the bottom width and the depth of flow of a trapezoidal channel laid on a slope of
0.0016 and carrying a design discharge of 400 cfs. The channel is to be excavated in earth
containing non-colloidal coarse gravels and pebbles.
Given: Trapezoidal channel, S =0.0016, Q =400 ft3/s , non-colloidal coarse gravels and pebbles.
For the given condition, Mannings n = 0.025, side slope Z =2, max. permissible velocity = 4.5 ft/s
1.49
Q AR 2 / 3S1/ 2 (FPS units)
n
1.49 2 / 3 1/ 2 1.49 2 / 3
V R S 4.5 R (0.0016)1/ 2 R = 2.60 ft
n 0.025
A = Q/V = 400/4.5 = 88.8 ft2
P = A/R = 88.8/2.60 = 34.2 ft
A =(b +Z y)y = (b + 2y)y = 88.8 ft2 >>> (b + 2y)y = 88.8 ft2 (1)
P = b + 2y(1 +Z2) = b + 25 y = 34.2 ft >>> b + 25 y = 34.2 ft (2)
Solving simultaneously,
b = 18.7 ft and y = 3.46 ft
Example: Permissible velocity method (SI units)
Compute the bottom width and depth of flow of a trapezoidal channel having a side slope of
1:2 laid on a bed slope of 0.001 and carrying a design discharge of 15 m3/s. Take Mannings
coefficient, n = 0.025. Assume the maximum permissible velocity is 1.25 m/s.
b b 2 4ac
y
2a
12.215 5.527
12.215 12.215 2 4 x2.472 x12 y
y 4.944
2 x2.472
y = 3.589 or 1.353 m
Choose y = 3.589 m
b = 12.215 4.472 y = -3.835 m Not O.K..
If, y = 1.353 m b = 6.165m O.K.
Choose b = 6.165 m and y = 1.353 m
Method of Tractive Force
When water flows in a channel, a tractive force in the direction of flow is developed which is
simply the pull of water on the wetted area.
In a uniform flow, component of the gravity force acting on the body of water, parallel to the
channel bottom is
Wsin = ALsin = ALS (bed slope S sin for a small angle)
where = unit weight of water, A = area, L = length of the channel reach, and S = bed slope.
Tractive force per unit wetted area is called unit tractive force 0
0 = ALS/PL = RS
Figure 7.6
Max. unit tractive force in terms of yS
Figure 7.7
Tractive-force ratio
On side slope:
Pulling force:
On a soil particle resting on the sloping side of a channel in which water is flowing, two forces
are acting:
Tractive force = as along the flow direction (pulling effect)
Weight component = Wssin downward on the side slope (rolling effect)
Ws sin 2 a 2 s2
2
Resultant force =
a = effective area of the particle,
s = unit tractive force on the side of the
channel,
Ws = submerged weight of the particle, and
= angle of side slope
Tractive-force ratio
On side slope:
Resisting force:
(Normal force) (coefficient of friction)
Ws cos (tan) where is the angle of repose.
When motion is impending, the resistance to motion of the particle is equal to the force
tending to cause the motion. Hence.
Ws tan 2
Ws cos tan Ws2 sin 2 a 2 s2 s cos tan 1 2
(or) a tan
Tractive-force ratio
On channel bed:
Tractive force = aL
Resisting force = Ws tan
Ws tan = aL
Ws
L tan
a
s
Tractive force ratio: K
L
s tan 2
K cos 1 2
L tan
sin 2
K 1 2
sin
Figure 7.10
Permissible unit tractive forces in cohesive materials
Figure 7.11
Example 7.4: Tractive force method
Design a trapezoidal channel laid on a slope of 0.0016 and carrying a discharge of 400 cfs. The
channel is to be excavated in earth containing noncolloidal coarse gravels and pebbles, 25% of
which is 1.25 in. or over in diameter. Mannings n = 0.025
Design steps:
(a) Proportioning of the section dimension for the max. unit tractive force on the sides.
(b) Checking the proportioned dimensions for the max. unit tractive force on the bottom.
Given: Trapezoidal channel, S =0.0016, Q = 400 ft3/s, n = 0.025, noncolloidal coarse gravels and
pebbles 1.25 inches or over in diameter.
(a) Proportioning of the section dimension for the max. unit tractive force on the sides
(i) Assume side slopes of 2:1 (or z = 2) and a base-depth ratio (b/y = 5)
Max. unit tractive force on the sloping side (Fig. 7.7)
s = 0.775yS = 0.775x62.4x0.0016y = 0.078y lb/ft2 (from theory)
For a size of 1.25 inches, the permissible (or) critical tractive force on a level bottom is,
L = 0.4 d25 (inches) = 0.4x1.25 = 0.5 lb/ft2 (same as Fig. 7.10 straight line)
Permissible or critical tractive force on the side is,
s = KL = 0.587x0.5 = 0.294 lb/ft2
1.49
Discharge Q 1.49 AR 2 / 3S1/ 2 (or) Q (99.5)( 2.79) 2 / 3 (0.0016)1/ 2 = 470 ft3/s
n 0.025
Example 7.4: Tractive force method
sin 2 26 .5
K 1 2 = 0.587
sin 33 .5
For a size of 1.25 inches, the critical tractive force on a level bottom is,
L = 0.4 d25 (inches) = 0.4x1.25 = 0.5 lb/ft2
1.49 (b 7.54)3.77 2 / 3
400 [( b 7.54)3.77][ ] (0.0016)1/ 2
0.025 b 16.86
[(b 7.54)3.77]5 / 3
167.785
[b 16.86]2 / 3
By trial and error, b = 15.4 ft
Check for max. unit tractive force on the channel bottom (Fig. 7.7) is,
L = 0.97yS
= 0.97x62.4x3.77x0.0016
= 0.365 lb/ft2 < 0.5 lb/ft2 (critical unit tractive force)
Therefore O.K.
Example: Tractive force method (SI units)
On side slope:
0.76 gyS = 13.456
13.456
y = 1.128 m
0.76 x10 3 x9.81x0.0016
Check for L,
Lcr = 0.98 gyS
= 0.98x103x9.81x1.128x0.0016
= 17.35 < 18 N/m2
Example: Tractive force method (SI units)
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Q AR S
n
z = 2.5
A = (b + yz)y = (b + 2.5x1.128) 1.128
P = b + 2x1.128(1+2.52) = b + 6.074
1 [(b 2.82)1.128]5 / 3
12 ( 0.0016) 1/ 2
0.02 (b 6.074) 2 / 3
[(b 2.82)1.128]5 / 3
6
(b 6.074) 2 / 3
If b = 3.5 m R.H.S = 5.85
= 3.6 = 5.97
= 3.62 = 5.99
b = 3.62 m
The end